From 472be2cb01f49511a9938aceeaff902df6b5aad1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Refik Hadzialic Date: Thu, 21 Jun 2012 18:54:55 +0200 Subject: Writing A-GPS and distance estimation --- vorlagen/thesis/maindoc.pdf | Bin 4474145 -> 4678351 bytes vorlagen/thesis/src/bib/literatur.bib | 53 +- vorlagen/thesis/src/img/A-GPS.pdf | Bin 0 -> 208511 bytes vorlagen/thesis/src/img/A-GPS.svg | 12341 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ vorlagen/thesis/src/kapitel_x.tex | 77 +- 5 files changed, 12444 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-) create mode 100644 vorlagen/thesis/src/img/A-GPS.pdf create mode 100644 vorlagen/thesis/src/img/A-GPS.svg diff --git a/vorlagen/thesis/maindoc.pdf b/vorlagen/thesis/maindoc.pdf index 03f833f..119fdfe 100644 Binary files a/vorlagen/thesis/maindoc.pdf and b/vorlagen/thesis/maindoc.pdf differ diff --git a/vorlagen/thesis/src/bib/literatur.bib b/vorlagen/thesis/src/bib/literatur.bib index 080276c..5b9b730 100644 --- a/vorlagen/thesis/src/bib/literatur.bib +++ b/vorlagen/thesis/src/bib/literatur.bib @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ } @BOOK{bensky2008wireless, - title = {Wireless positioning technologies and applications}, + title = {{Wireless positioning technologies and applications}}, publisher = {Artech House}, year = {2008}, author = {Bensky, Alan}, @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ @ARTICLE{736341, author = {Braasch, M.S. and van Dierendonck, A.J.}, - title = {GPS receiver architectures and measurements}, + title = {{GPS receiver architectures and measurements}}, journal = {Proceedings of the IEEE}, year = {1999}, volume = {87}, @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ @TECHREPORT{daishinku, author = {DAISHINKU CORP}, - title = {Development of Miniature High-Precision SMD TCXO for GPS}, + title = {{Development of Miniature High-Precision SMD TCXO for GPS}}, institution = {DAISHINKU CORP. 1389 Shinzaike, Hiraoka-cho, Kakogawa, Hyogo 675-0194 Japan}, year = {2008}, @@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ @TECHREPORT{oscillatorGPSSmarthPhone, author = {PERICOM}, - title = {Choice of TCXO for GPS Design}, + title = {{Choice of TCXO for GPS Design}}, institution = {Pericom Semiconductor Corporation, 3545 North First St., San Jose, CA 95134, USA}, year = {2008}, owner = {refikh}, @@ -107,8 +107,8 @@ @INPROCEEDINGS{1656803, author = {Xuan Guan and DongWei Hu and Jie Chen}, - title = {Design and implementation of the acquisition circuit in software - GPS receiver}, + title = {{Design and implementation of the acquisition circuit in software + GPS receiver}}, booktitle = {Mobile Technology, Applications and Systems, 2005 2nd International Conference on}, year = {2005}, @@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ @INPROCEEDINGS{implSoftGPSRec, author = {Changlin Ma and Gerard Lachapelle and M. Elizabeth Cannon}, - title = {Implementation of a Software GPS Receiver}, + title = {{Implementation of a Software GPS Receiver}}, booktitle = {Proceedings of ION GNSS 2004 (Session A3), Long Beach, CA}, year = {2004}, month = {sep.}, @@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ @ARTICLE{4560215, author = {Razavi, A. and Gebre-Egziabher, D. and Akos, D.M.}, - title = {Carrier loop architectures for tracking weak GPS signals}, + title = {{Carrier loop architectures for tracking weak GPS signals}}, journal = {Aerospace and Electronic Systems, IEEE Transactions on}, year = {2008}, volume = {44}, @@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ } @MISC{GPS-Interface-Specification, - title = {{INTERFACE SPECIFICATION IS-GPS-200}}, + title = {{Interface Specification IS-GPS-200}}, howpublished = {Online}, month = jun, year = {2010}, @@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ } @MISC{GPS-Guide, - title = {{NAVSTAR GPS USER EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION}}, + title = {{Navstar GPS User Equipment Introduction}}, howpublished = {Online}, month = sep, year = {1996}, @@ -258,7 +258,8 @@ @INPROCEEDINGS{755159, author={Soliman, S. and Glazko, S. and Agashe, P.}, -booktitle={Technologies for Wireless Applications, 1999. Digest. 1999 IEEE MTT-S Symposium on}, title={GPS receiver sensitivity enhancement in wireless applications}, +booktitle={Technologies for Wireless Applications, 1999. Digest. 1999 IEEE MTT-S Symposium on}, +title={{GPS receiver sensitivity enhancement in wireless applications}}, year={1999}, month={feb}, volume={}, @@ -266,4 +267,32 @@ number={}, pages={181 -186}, keywords={GPS receiver sensitivity enhancement;communication link;frequency domain processing;indoor applications;mobile stations;performance;receiver operating characteristics;satellite visibility;terrestrial mobile communications;time domain processing;urban canyons;wireless applications;Global Positioning System;land mobile radio;radio receivers;signal processing;}, doi={10.1109/MTTTWA.1999.755159}, -ISSN={},} \ No newline at end of file +ISSN={},} + +@ARTICLE{901174, +author={Djuknic, G.M. and Richton, R.E.}, +journal={Computer}, +title={{Geolocation and assisted GPS}}, +year={2001}, +month={feb}, +volume={34}, +number={2}, +pages={123 -125}, +keywords={assisted global positioning system;broadband wireless networks;geolocation;mobile stations;rescue teams;spatial distribution;wireless callers;wireless technology;Global Positioning System;}, +doi={10.1109/2.901174}, +ISSN={0018-9162},} + +@article {springerlink:10.1007/s10291-002-0028-0, + author = {Agarwal, Nainesh and Basch, Julien and Beckmann, Paul and Bharti, Piyush and Bloebaum, Scott and Casadei, Stefano and Chou, Andrew and Enge, Per and Fong, Wungkum and Hathi, Neesha and Mann, Wallace and Sahai, Anant and Stone, Jesse and Tsitsiklis, John and Van Roy, Benjamin}, + affiliation = {Enuvis Inc., 395 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 505, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA}, + title = {{Algorithms for GPS operation indoors and downtown}}, + journal = {GPS Solutions}, + publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg}, + issn = {1080-5370}, + keyword = {Earth and Environmental Science}, + pages = {149-160}, + volume = {6}, + issue = {3}, + note = {10.1007/s10291-002-0028-0}, + year = {2002} +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/vorlagen/thesis/src/img/A-GPS.pdf b/vorlagen/thesis/src/img/A-GPS.pdf new file mode 100644 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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + GPS Reference Station + A-GPS receiver in a smart phone + BTS + Building disturbing line of sight for GPS signal + GPS Satellites + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Mainframe + + + + + + + + + + GNSS Server + + diff --git a/vorlagen/thesis/src/kapitel_x.tex b/vorlagen/thesis/src/kapitel_x.tex index ad939fd..5adca42 100644 --- a/vorlagen/thesis/src/kapitel_x.tex +++ b/vorlagen/thesis/src/kapitel_x.tex @@ -381,7 +381,10 @@ further explained in the following section \ref{sec:2dSearch}. \subsection{Implementation of the 2D search space problem} \label{sec:2dSearch} -As it can be seen, from subsections \ref{sec:CAdemod} and +In the following paragraphs an introduction will be given on +the implementation problems of the previously mentioned concepts. +As it can be seen, +from subsections \ref{sec:CAdemod} and \ref{sec:Carrierdemod}, decoding the GPS navigation message is a 2D search space problem for each GPS satellite signal acquisition. The 2D search space is limited by well known @@ -471,27 +474,71 @@ The speed of searching the 2D search space (finding the peak) depends on the complexity and strategy of the implemented algorithm \citep[Chapter 6]{9780817643904}. In the worst case, there are in total 102300 conbinations in the search space, -this can be derived from equation \eqref{eq:totalSearch}. +this can be derived from equation \eqref{eq:totalSearch}, visually shown +in figure \ref{img:SearchSpace2d}. \begin{equation} \label{eq:totalSearch} \mathrm{Search \, Space} = 50 \,\mathrm{(bins)} \cdot 1023\, \mathrm{(C/A \,codes)} \cdot 2\, \mathrm{(Phases\, per\, C/A\, chip)} \end{equation} -The common strategy is to start searching from the middle frequency bin, -first 500 Hz, second -500 Hz, then 1000 Hz and -1000 Hz until the entire -search space has been exhausted \citep[Chapter 3]{diggelen2009a-gps}. -This search space can be reduced by changing the sensitivity of the GPS receiver with the already given -equation \eqref{eq:mistunigLoss} or delivering required information to the GPS receiver like the frequency -ranges, phase-shifts and etc. This method is also known as A-GPS \citep{755159} and will be further analysed -in the following subsection. - -\subsection{The A in A-GPS} -After the peaks have been found for each seen satellite, it can -receive the navigation messages and estimate the position. -There are three different searching modes, if no information are known, +\begin{figure}[ht!] + \centering + \includegraphics[scale=0.50]{img/2DSearchSpace.pdf} + \caption[]{The total search space} +\label{img:SearchSpace2d} +\end{figure} + +The common strategy is to start searching from the middle frequency bins and to jump +up and down until the entire search space has been exhausted (first 500 Hz, +second -500 Hz, then in the 1000 Hz bin and then in the -1000 Hz bin) +\citep[Chapter 3]{diggelen2009a-gps}. +This procedure is performed when no extra information are known by the receiver, i.e. +first time the GPS receiver is turned on. It is known under the name of cold start. +There are three different working mechanisms when it comes to searching +for the GPS satellites. If no information are known, when some information are known and when almost all information are -known. These three modes are known as cold, warm and hot start. +known. These three modes are known as cold (as mentioned earlier), +warm and hot start. They differ from each other by the amount of known +information by the GPS receiver. Cold start indicates the GPS receiver +has no almanac\footnote{Almanac information are rough estimation parameters for +predicting the orbital position of the GPS satellites.}, ephemeris\footnote{Ephemeris +information are precise parameters for predicting the orbital position of the GPS satellite.}, +oscillator offset and time data. In order to track the satellites faster next time +the GPS receiver is started, it stores the previously mentioned data (last known almanac, +ephemeris, oscillator offset, time and position data) in its electrically erasable +programmable read only memory (EEPROM). This type of start is known as a warm start, +provided that the data in the receivers' EEPROM are not older than 180 days and +its real time clock counter was constantly updated. +In this case, the receiver uses the previously saved information +to estimate the position of the satellites, therefore the Doppler effects can be estimated. +As a consequence of the known Doppler effect, the frequency bin where to start +the search first is known as well \citep[Chapter 3]{diggelen2009a-gps}. +In the same way works the hot start, only the time is precisely +known in accuracy of submilliseconds. + \section{Distance and position estimation} +\section{Assisted GPS} +\label{sec:agps} +In the following paragraphs Assisted GPS (A-GPS) will be presented and how it works. +A-GPS receivers work on a ``similar principle'' as warm/hot start on GPS receivers. +Instead of loading the recently saved data from the EEPROM, an external +transfer medium is used to deliver the same type of information that are known +at a warm/hot start \citep{755159}, \citep{901174}, \citep{springerlink:10.1007/s10291-002-0028-0}. +In this work, the external transfer medium is air and the information are transfered using electromagnetic +waves. The existing GSM interface was utilised for the purpose of delivering the data to the smart phone +with the A-GPS receiver. + +The BTS station is connected to the GNSS server, which is directly +connected to the GPS reference station and . + +\begin{figure}[ht!] + \centering + \includegraphics[scale=0.50]{img/A-GPS.pdf} + \caption[]{Basic A-GPS principle} +\label{img:agpsPrinciple} +\end{figure} + + \chapter{Radio Resource Location Protocol} \chapter {Working} -- cgit v1.2.3-55-g7522