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authorRefik Hadzialic2012-08-30 14:18:39 +0200
committerRefik Hadzialic2012-08-30 14:18:39 +0200
commit59d3843154b1f0f4650df9c64e2fedf2d8d34387 (patch)
tree6a7948ccb528697d0b9bd70e64d5d23590bda118
parentResults (diff)
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Implementation
-rw-r--r--vorlagen/thesis/maindoc.pdfbin17080408 -> 17090304 bytes
-rw-r--r--vorlagen/thesis/src/bib/literatur.bib37
-rw-r--r--vorlagen/thesis/src/img/SDCCHRequest.pdfbin8404 -> 8416 bytes
-rw-r--r--vorlagen/thesis/src/img/SDCCHRequest.svg54
-rw-r--r--vorlagen/thesis/src/kapitel_x.tex79
-rw-r--r--vorlagen/thesis/src/maindoc.lof12
-rw-r--r--vorlagen/thesis/src/maindoc.lot10
7 files changed, 143 insertions, 49 deletions
diff --git a/vorlagen/thesis/maindoc.pdf b/vorlagen/thesis/maindoc.pdf
index f15a741..86a26e1 100644
--- a/vorlagen/thesis/maindoc.pdf
+++ b/vorlagen/thesis/maindoc.pdf
Binary files differ
diff --git a/vorlagen/thesis/src/bib/literatur.bib b/vorlagen/thesis/src/bib/literatur.bib
index 2300432..5c677eb 100644
--- a/vorlagen/thesis/src/bib/literatur.bib
+++ b/vorlagen/thesis/src/bib/literatur.bib
@@ -724,7 +724,7 @@ ISSN={0018-9251},}
@misc{gpsAntenna,
author = "u-blox AG",
howpublished = "\url{https://www.u-blox.com/images/downloads/Product_Docs/GPS_Antennas_ApplicationNote%28GPS-X-08014%29.pdf}",
- note = "[Online; accessed 5-April-2012]",
+ note = "[Online; accessed 29-August-2012]",
title = "{GPS Antennas: RF Design Considerations for u-blox GPS Receivers}",
year = "2009"
}
@@ -760,4 +760,37 @@ ISSN={0018-9251},}
note = "[Online; accessed 20-August-2012]",
title = "A-GPS Over the Air Test Method: Business and Technology Implications",
year = "2009"
-} \ No newline at end of file
+}
+
+@misc{obsc,
+ author = "Osmocom",
+ howpublished = "\url{http://openbsc.osmocom.org/trac/}",
+ note = "[Online; accessed 30-August-2012]",
+ title = "OpenBSC",
+ year = "2012"
+}
+
+@misc{obsc1,
+ author = "Osmocom",
+ howpublished = "\url{http://openbsc.osmocom.org/trac/wiki/OpenBSC}",
+ note = "[Online; accessed 30-August-2012]",
+ title = "OpenBSC - OpenBSC",
+ year = "2012"
+}
+
+@misc{openBTS,
+ author = "RangeNetworks",
+ howpublished = "\url{http://wush.net/trac/rangepublic}",
+ note = "[Online; accessed 30-August-2012]",
+ title = "OpenBTS",
+ year = "2012"
+}
+
+@misc{fmRadio,
+ author = "Eric Blossom",
+ howpublished = "\url{http://www.gnu.org/software/gnuradio/doc/exploring-gnuradio.html#fm-receiver}",
+ note = "[Online; accessed 30-August-2012]",
+ title = "Exploring GNU Radio",
+ year = "2004"
+}
+
diff --git a/vorlagen/thesis/src/img/SDCCHRequest.pdf b/vorlagen/thesis/src/img/SDCCHRequest.pdf
index 6caad77..ef54548 100644
--- a/vorlagen/thesis/src/img/SDCCHRequest.pdf
+++ b/vorlagen/thesis/src/img/SDCCHRequest.pdf
Binary files differ
diff --git a/vorlagen/thesis/src/img/SDCCHRequest.svg b/vorlagen/thesis/src/img/SDCCHRequest.svg
index d530f11..bf8b22b 100644
--- a/vorlagen/thesis/src/img/SDCCHRequest.svg
+++ b/vorlagen/thesis/src/img/SDCCHRequest.svg
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
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xmlns:sodipodi="http://sodipodi.sourceforge.net/DTD/sodipodi-0.dtd"
xmlns:inkscape="http://www.inkscape.org/namespaces/inkscape"
- width="308.68698"
+ width="308.68701"
height="184.06613"
id="svg2"
version="1.1"
@@ -152,8 +152,8 @@
inkscape:pageopacity="0.0"
inkscape:pageshadow="2"
inkscape:zoom="1.196189"
- inkscape:cx="73.083532"
- inkscape:cy="52.168654"
+ inkscape:cx="73.083534"
+ inkscape:cy="52.168662"
inkscape:document-units="px"
inkscape:current-layer="g3763-0"
showgrid="true"
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@
units="mm"
spacingx="0.2mm"
spacingy="0.2mm"
- originx="-31.750001mm"
+ originx="-31.75mm"
originy="-208.30245mm" />
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@@ -204,116 +204,118 @@
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id="text3757"
sodipodi:linespacing="125%"><tspan
sodipodi:role="line"
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- x="136.49469"
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id="rect3755"
width="70.866135"
height="29.087465"
- x="113.38583"
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+ x="-420.30118"
+ y="131.10234"
+ transform="scale(-1,1)" />
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diff --git a/vorlagen/thesis/src/kapitel_x.tex b/vorlagen/thesis/src/kapitel_x.tex
index eb8bec9..1ab6f73 100644
--- a/vorlagen/thesis/src/kapitel_x.tex
+++ b/vorlagen/thesis/src/kapitel_x.tex
@@ -1149,7 +1149,7 @@ In the next step the pseudorange function shall be approximated using Taylor ser
series ``is a representation of a
function as an infinite sum of terms that are calculated from the values of the function's
derivatives at a single point'' \citep[Chapter 11]{taylor}.} (linearization of the nonlinear equation). Taylor
-series for a function $f(x)$ is given in equation \eqref{eq:taylor}, where as $a$ approches $x$ the estimation
+series for a function $f(x)$ is given in equation \eqref{eq:taylor}, where as $a$ approaches $x$ the estimation
error shall be smaller and smaller, i.e. $f(x) = f(a)$ when $x=a$. The approximation error
depends on Taylor polynomial degree (the amount of terms or taken derivatives of the function)
and how far away the point $a$ is from $x$ \citep[Chapter 11.9]{taylor}.
@@ -1396,7 +1396,7 @@ These frequency bands are divided into 200 KHz channels,
for a frequency band range of 25/35 MHz there are 124/175 operating
channels. This technique is called Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and
supports using parallely more frequency channels inside of the same covered area with GSM RF signal.
-FDMA is employed when the frequency bandwidth is limited like in the GSM networks. By utilizing FDMA the network throughput
+FDMA is employed when the frequency bandwidth is limited like in the GSM networks. By utilising FDMA the network throughput
is used more efficiently since different users can send or receive information at different
frequency slots instead of waiting for their turn.
These frequency channels have a unique identifier number. They are named as Absolute Radio Frequency
@@ -2593,11 +2593,65 @@ B6 1....... FixType = 1 :threeDFix
\chapter{Implementation}
\label{Implementation}
-The aim of this chapter is to give the reader a review of the software implementation in this thesis.
-The implementation can be divided into two sections. One section of the implementation is responsible
-for generating the RRLP assistance data and the other section is modification of the existing
-open source GSM software (OpenBSC) and implementing the transfering of assistance data to the cell
-phone and to obtain the response back. In this work two programming languages have been employed, C and C++
+The aim of this chapter is to give the reader a review of the employed hardware and the software implementation.
+The main idea of authors algorithm and authors approach to the problem is discussed in this chapter.
+This chapter can be divided into two stages. The first stage being the inital phase of
+the thesis where the initial system has been set up to perform RRLP tests.
+The second stage can be divided into two implemantation parts. The
+first part of the second stage consists of the development of the application
+that generated RRLP assistance data. The second part of the second stage
+consists of modifying existing open source GSM network software implementation
+for creating a data channel between the BTS and MS. This channel was utilised for the
+transmission of assistance data to the MS and obtaining the response from the MS back.
+
+\section{Initial phase of trying out RRLP}
+Traditionally all radio communication systems are hard wired and
+the hardware is developed to do only one fixed function as the
+nanoBTS, to serve as a BTS. nanoBTS is a dedicated BTS hardware,
+used to set up the GSM network with OpenBSC (more details on
+the nanoBTS can be found in the hardware description). However,
+at the start of the thesis, the author had no access to the nanoBTS.
+On the other hand, instead of the nanoBTS a software defined radio
+(SDR) platform was available and used to emulate the GSM network.
+SDR is a hardware platfrom that enables the development and test
+of different radio communication systems using software that modifies the
+function of the hardware. In other words, the hardware may perform
+other functions in the range of its specified limits. Those limits
+can be the frequency on which it can transmit and receive radio waves
+or the speed of sampling a radio wave signal.
+The basic idea is to use the fast performace of a CPU from the
+computer to do the software signal processing while the
+SDR hardware itself does only the physical radio communication like
+emitting and receiving on defined frequencies. Alternatively to the
+dedicated hardware, USRP can be programmed to perform various
+functions e.q. an FM radio, a GPS receiver, GSM and etc.,
+all of them working on different standards and frequency spectrums
+\citep{fmRadio} \citep{openBTS}. Theoretically ``anything'' can be
+built using an SDR platform that is within the domain of the SDR hardware.
+The exploited SDR platform in this thesis was the Universal Software
+Radio Peripheral (USRP) that already had an GSM and RRLP implementation.
+The GSM implementation used on USRP was OpenBTS, a Linux application
+that uses software radio to present a GSM air interface
+and uses a software switch to connect calls \citep{openBTS}. After the
+system has been successfully set in operation, the RRLP
+
+\section{OpenBSC}
+OpenBSC is an open source implementation of a GSM network by Osmocom. It was developed
+for experimentation and security research of the GSM netowrks \citep{obsc1}.
+OpenBSC is ``implementing the minimal necessary parts to build a small,
+self-contained GSM network'' \citep{obsc}. This self-contained GSM network
+consists of following functional components: Base Station Controller (BSC),
+Mobile Switching Center (MSC), Home Location Register (HLR),Authentication
+Center (AUC), Visitor Location Register (VLR) and Equipment Identity
+Register (EIR). OpenBSC was written in C and operates on Linux. It connects
+to the BTS using the Abis or Abis/IP interface. At the moment OpenBSC
+supports Voice calls, SMS and some other features not of the interest
+for this work.
+
+
+At the point of writing this thesis there was no working open source
+implementation of generating RRLP assistance data.
+In this work two programming languages have been employed, C and C++
whereas basic knowledge of Erlang was required to understand an implementation of a similar RRLP assistance
data generation. The Erlang implementation by Kurtis Heimerl was used as a guide while the author
developed a C++ version since at the time of testing it was not a working implementation of the RRLP
@@ -2985,7 +3039,9 @@ might not have been fully evolved and developed since both models are from the
same company.
The third test took place in Test room 3, as shown in figure \ref{img:googlemapsResults}
-by the yellow dot. The smart phones were placed on the windows.
+by the yellow dot. The third test room has the following coordinates:
+latitude 48\textdegree 0'12.26"N and longitude 7\textdegree 50'54.45"E.
+The smart phones were placed on the windows.
In this room the smart phones tested did not deliver any positions but only errors about
missing assistance data and time outs. While no MS delivered its position, the room was
tested if a GPS position can be obtained with an external GPS receiver.
@@ -3073,7 +3129,7 @@ time they have to perform the localization. However, the previous statement ough
with some uncertainty since it can not be proved without access to the firmware of the smart phones.
The combination of described findings in this chapter and in table \ref{tbl:resultsByTest}
provides some support for the premise that the RRLP standard is not yet a fully implemented
-standard by all the manufacturers that claim AGPS functionality. Does it dependt on the AGPS chipset
+standard by all the manufacturers that claim AGPS functionality. Does it depend on the AGPS chipset
or RRLP itself, remains an open question.
\section{Criticism of performed tests}
@@ -3108,7 +3164,10 @@ with all possible models. The tests suffer from a major drawback as real time
movement of satellites, the tests could not be conducted parallely but
rather in serial manner in time. In other words a satellite visible at
the moment while the first test is being performed may not be visible
-the second time when the test is executed. GPS signal strength is a vital
+the second time when the test is executed. The tests were performed
+in the morning 10:00-12:00 and in the afternoon 16:00-19:00, with
+morning being the period of day when it was difficult even for the external
+GPS device to track the satellites. GPS signal strength is a vital
measurement information, where the signal levels are lower than a
predefined acquisition sensitivity even assistance data can not help.
Antenna polarization and the position of the cell phone matter as well.
diff --git a/vorlagen/thesis/src/maindoc.lof b/vorlagen/thesis/src/maindoc.lof
index b9038bd..d7d51d5 100644
--- a/vorlagen/thesis/src/maindoc.lof
+++ b/vorlagen/thesis/src/maindoc.lof
@@ -37,11 +37,11 @@
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.5}{\ignorespaces Requested AGPS assistance data to be delivered\relax }}{64}{figure.caption.44}
\addvspace {10\p@ }
\addvspace {10\p@ }
-\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.1}{\ignorespaces nanoBTS with its plastic cover. Image courtesy of ip.access ltd\relax }}{70}{figure.caption.48}
-\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.2}{\ignorespaces nanoBTS with two external antennas and five connection ports\relax }}{71}{figure.caption.50}
-\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.3}{\ignorespaces Navilock NL-402U, opened up with the antenna and USB cable\relax }}{72}{figure.caption.52}
-\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.4}{\ignorespaces Cable connections, showing interconnection diagram\relax }}{73}{figure.caption.53}
+\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.1}{\ignorespaces nanoBTS with its plastic cover. Image courtesy of ip.access ltd\relax }}{72}{figure.caption.48}
+\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.2}{\ignorespaces nanoBTS with two external antennas and five connection ports\relax }}{73}{figure.caption.50}
+\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.3}{\ignorespaces Navilock NL-402U, opened up with the antenna and USB cable\relax }}{74}{figure.caption.52}
+\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.4}{\ignorespaces Cable connections, showing interconnection diagram\relax }}{75}{figure.caption.53}
\addvspace {10\p@ }
-\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {7.1}{\ignorespaces Test rooms as well as the results delivered by the smart phones.\relax }}{77}{figure.caption.55}
-\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {7.2}{\ignorespaces Test room 2 with the positions of the smart phones\relax }}{78}{figure.caption.56}
+\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {7.1}{\ignorespaces Test rooms as well as the results delivered by the smart phones.\relax }}{79}{figure.caption.55}
+\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {7.2}{\ignorespaces Test room 2 with the positions of the smart phones\relax }}{80}{figure.caption.56}
\addvspace {10\p@ }
diff --git a/vorlagen/thesis/src/maindoc.lot b/vorlagen/thesis/src/maindoc.lot
index 5ffc3d6..3e445d6 100644
--- a/vorlagen/thesis/src/maindoc.lot
+++ b/vorlagen/thesis/src/maindoc.lot
@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@
\contentsline {table}{\numberline {4.5}{\ignorespaces Requested AGPS assistance data bit meaning\relax }}{65}{table.caption.45}
\addvspace {10\p@ }
\addvspace {10\p@ }
-\contentsline {table}{\numberline {6.1}{\ignorespaces Indicator LED status on the nanoBTS\relax }}{74}{table.caption.51}
+\contentsline {table}{\numberline {6.1}{\ignorespaces Indicator LED status on the nanoBTS\relax }}{76}{table.caption.51}
\addvspace {10\p@ }
-\contentsline {table}{\numberline {7.1}{\ignorespaces Smart phone models used for testing in the thesis.\relax }}{76}{table.caption.54}
-\contentsline {table}{\numberline {7.2}{\ignorespaces Smart phone RRLP test results\relax }}{80}{table.caption.57}
+\contentsline {table}{\numberline {7.1}{\ignorespaces Smart phone models used for testing in the thesis.\relax }}{78}{table.caption.54}
+\contentsline {table}{\numberline {7.2}{\ignorespaces Smart phone RRLP test results\relax }}{82}{table.caption.57}
\addvspace {10\p@ }
-\contentsline {table}{\numberline {A.3.1}{\ignorespaces Example uncertainties (latitude and longitude) for various integer values of $K$\relax }}{95}{table.caption.63}
-\contentsline {table}{\numberline {A.3.2}{\ignorespaces Example uncertainties (altitude) for various integer values of $K$\relax }}{96}{table.caption.64}
+\contentsline {table}{\numberline {A.3.1}{\ignorespaces Example uncertainties (latitude and longitude) for various integer values of $K$\relax }}{97}{table.caption.63}
+\contentsline {table}{\numberline {A.3.2}{\ignorespaces Example uncertainties (altitude) for various integer values of $K$\relax }}{98}{table.caption.64}