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\select@language {english}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.1}{\ignorespaces Basic GSM network block diagram. Image courtesy of \citep {konrad} and \citep {dennis}.\relax }}{6}{figure.caption.5}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.2}{\ignorespaces Frequency ranges of uplink and downlink channels in the GSM900 band. Each box represents a frequency band (channel). Image courtesy of \citep {konrad} and \citep {dennis}.\relax }}{9}{figure.caption.7}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.3}{\ignorespaces Each frequency channel (ARFCN) is split into 8 time slots. With this approach more GSM users can be served at the ``same'' time. Image courtesy of \citep {0890064717}.\relax }}{10}{figure.caption.8}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.4}{\ignorespaces Hierarchy of the GSM frames. Image courtesy of \citep {0890064717}.\relax }}{11}{figure.caption.9}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.5}{\ignorespaces Initializing an SDCCH channel. Image courtesy of \citep {0470844574}.\relax }}{12}{figure.caption.12}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.6}{\ignorespaces Cell-ID position estimation technique.\relax }}{14}{figure.caption.13}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.7}{\ignorespaces Basic idea of the RSS estimation technique. One rectangle location is represented by two RSS measurements for two BTS, blue indicates BTS1 and red indicates BTS2.\relax }}{14}{figure.caption.14}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.8}{\ignorespaces Basic idea of the E-OTD positioning technique. Current time information is transmitted from 3 different BTS's at the same time. Then the MS observes the difference of time when the information arrive and using trilateration technique calculates the relative position of the MS.\relax }}{16}{figure.caption.15}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.9}{\ignorespaces Basic idea of the Angle-of-Arrival positioning technique. The angle of the reception signal on the BTS antenna is measured. By knowing at least two angles on two BTS's, it is possible to interpolate the intersection point where the MS is located.\relax }}{17}{figure.caption.16}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.10}{\ignorespaces Wireless Access Point tagging. The MS could be located anywhere where all three access points are visible, this area has a wavy background and is between access points 1, 2 and 4.\relax }}{17}{figure.caption.17}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.1}{\ignorespaces GPS Simple working principle, a) example in 3D space with spheres b) example in 2D space with circles.\relax }}{19}{figure.caption.19}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.2}{\ignorespaces One frame of 1500 bits on L1 frequency carrier. Image courtesy of \citep {harper2010server-side}.\relax }}{21}{figure.caption.20}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.3}{\ignorespaces Subframes always start with telemetry and handover words, the rest are parameters for removing errors and for estimating satellite's position.\relax }}{21}{figure.caption.21}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.4}{\ignorespaces BPSK Modulation - First depicted signal is the carrier wave, and it is multiplied (mixed) with the second signal, which are the data to be transmitted. The resulting signal at the output of the satellite antenna is the third one.\relax }}{22}{figure.caption.22}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.5}{\ignorespaces Modulation of the GPS signal L1. Image courtesy of \citep {harper2010server-side}.\relax }}{24}{figure.caption.23}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.6}{\ignorespaces Two carrier waves with the same frequency but different phase shift.\relax }}{25}{figure.caption.24}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.7}{\ignorespaces Demodulation of the L1 GPS signal.\relax }}{25}{figure.caption.25}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.8}{\ignorespaces Comparison between the original C/A code generated on the GPS satellite with two synthesized PRN codes with a different phase shift on the receiver. Image courtesy of \citep {understandGPS}.\relax }}{26}{figure.caption.26}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.9}{\ignorespaces Segment of the frequency/code delay search space for a single GPS satellite. Image courtesy of \citep {diggelen2009a-gps}.\relax }}{28}{figure.caption.27}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.10}{\ignorespaces Basic AGPS principle\relax }}{29}{figure.caption.28}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.1}{\ignorespaces RRLP Request protocol. Assistance data can be sent before the request is made. If the assistance data are sent, their reception acknowledgement is sent as a response from the MS. Image courtesy of \citep {harper2010server-side} and \citep {04.31V8.18.0}.\relax }}{32}{figure.caption.29}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.2}{\ignorespaces An example of constructing an RRLP request. Image courtesy of \citep {harper2010server-side}.\relax }}{37}{figure.caption.30}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.3}{\ignorespaces Reference location is a 14 octet stream built according to the given rule as specified in the standard \citep {3gppequations} under section \textit {7.3.6}. Image courtesy of \citep {3gppequations}.\relax }}{41}{figure.caption.31}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.4}{\ignorespaces World Geodetic System 1984. Image courtesy of \citep {harper2010server-side}.\relax }}{42}{figure.caption.32}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.5}{\ignorespaces Requested AGPS assistance data to be delivered. Image courtesy of \citep {49.031V8.1.0}.\relax }}{44}{figure.caption.33}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5.1}{\ignorespaces nanoBTS with two external antennas and five connection ports\relax }}{48}{figure.caption.35}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5.2}{\ignorespaces Cable configuration diagram.\relax }}{49}{figure.caption.36}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5.3}{\ignorespaces Flowchart for the RRLP assistance data generator.\relax }}{54}{figure.caption.37}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.1}{\ignorespaces Test rooms as well as the results delivered by the smart phones. Image courtesy of Google Maps.\relax }}{59}{figure.caption.39}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.2}{\ignorespaces Test room 2 with the positions of the smart phones.\relax }}{60}{figure.caption.40}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {C.1}{\ignorespaces Effects of the low frequency term on the demodulated output C/A wave on the GPS receiver (the explanations and figures are from top to bottom). If the synthesized frequency is correct, $f_{1}=f_{2}$, the low frequency term becomes a DC term and does not modify the output $d_{C/A}$ wave (first figure). If the frequency matches but the phase not, in this case the phase is shifted for $\pi $, then $d_{C/A}$ is inverted (second figure). If the phase shifts with time, then the amplitude and phase of $d_{C/A}$ will vary as well (third figure). Image courtesy of \citep {diggelen2009a-gps}.\relax }}{86}{figure.caption.48}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {D.1}{\ignorespaces Cross-correlation on three different signals. Image courtesy of \citep {understandGPS}.\relax }}{87}{figure.caption.49}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {F.1}{\ignorespaces Basic distance estimation principle for one satellite. Image courtesy of \citep {understandGPS}.\relax }}{91}{figure.caption.53}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {F.2}{\ignorespaces Estimating the distance by phase shift $\Delta t =t_2 - t_1 =\tau $. Image courtesy of \citep {understandGPS}.\relax }}{92}{figure.caption.54}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {F.3}{\ignorespaces Taylor series approximation for a point $a=0.5$ where $n$ is the Taylor polynomial degree.\relax }}{94}{figure.caption.55}