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\select@language {english}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.1}{\ignorespaces Cell-ID position estimation technique where a mobile user can be connected to only one BTS.\relax }}{4}{figure.caption.5}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.2}{\ignorespaces Basic idea of the RSS estimation technique. One rectangle location is represented by two RSS measurements for two BTS, blue is BTS1 and red is BTS2.\relax }}{5}{figure.caption.6}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.3}{\ignorespaces Basic idea of the E-OTD positioning technique. Current time information are transmitted from 3 different BTS's at the same time.Then the MS observes the difference of time when the information arrive and using trilateration technique calculates the relative position of the MS.\relax }}{6}{figure.caption.7}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.4}{\ignorespaces Basic idea of the Angle of Arrival positioning technique. The angle of the reception signal on the BTS antenna is measured. By knowing at least two angles on two BTS's, it is possible to interpolate the intersection point where the MS is located.\relax }}{8}{figure.caption.8}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.5}{\ignorespaces Wireless Access Point tagging. The MS could be located anywhere where all three access points are visible, this area has a wavy background and is between access points 1, 2 and 4.\relax }}{9}{figure.caption.9}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.1}{\ignorespaces GPS Simple working principle, a) example in 3D space with spheres b) example in 2D space with circles.\relax }}{13}{figure.caption.11}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.2}{\ignorespaces One frame of 1500 bits on L1 frequency carrier\relax }}{15}{figure.caption.12}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.3}{\ignorespaces Subframes always start with telemetry and handover words\relax }}{16}{figure.caption.13}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.4}{\ignorespaces BPSK Modulation - First signal is the carrier wave, and it is multiplied (mixed) with the second signal, which are the data to be transmitted. The resulting signal at the output of the satellite antenna is the third one.\relax }}{17}{figure.caption.14}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.5}{\ignorespaces Modulation of the GPS signal L1\relax }}{18}{figure.caption.15}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.6}{\ignorespaces Two equivalent carrier waves with the same frequency but different phase shift\relax }}{21}{figure.caption.16}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.7}{\ignorespaces Demodulation of the L1 GPS signal\relax }}{21}{figure.caption.17}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.8}{\ignorespaces Effects of the low frequency term on the demodulated output C/A wave on the GPS receiver (the explanations and figures are from top to bottom). If the synthesized frequency is correct, $f_{1}=f_{2}$, the low frequency term becomes a DC term and does not modify the output $d_{C/A}$ wave (first figure). If the frequency matches but the phase not, in this case the phase is shifted for $\pi $, then $d_{C/A}$ is inverted (second figure). If the phase shifts with time, then the amplitude and phase of $d_{C/A}$ shall vary as well (third figure).\relax }}{23}{figure.caption.18}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.9}{\ignorespaces Comparison between the original C/A code generated on the GPS satellite with two synthesized PRN codes with a different phase shift on the receiver.\relax }}{24}{figure.caption.19}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.10}{\ignorespaces Cross-correlation on three different signals\relax }}{25}{figure.caption.20}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.11}{\ignorespaces Segment of the frequency/code delay search space for a single GPS satellite\relax }}{27}{figure.caption.21}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.12}{\ignorespaces The total search space\relax }}{28}{figure.caption.22}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.13}{\ignorespaces Idea of the frequency searching algorithm\relax }}{28}{figure.caption.23}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.14}{\ignorespaces Basic distance estimation principle for one satellite\relax }}{29}{figure.caption.24}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.15}{\ignorespaces Estimating the distance by phase shift $\Delta t =t_2 - t_1 =\tau $\relax }}{30}{figure.caption.25}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.16}{\ignorespaces Taylor series approximation for a point $a=0.5$ where $n$ is the Taylor polynomial degree.\relax }}{32}{figure.caption.26}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.17}{\ignorespaces Basic AGPS principle\relax }}{35}{figure.caption.27}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.1}{\ignorespaces Frequency ranges of uplink and downlink channels in the GSM900 band. Each box represents a frequency band (channel).\relax }}{39}{figure.caption.29}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.2}{\ignorespaces Each frequency channel is split into 8 time slots. More GSM users can be served at the ``same'' time.\relax }}{40}{figure.caption.30}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.3}{\ignorespaces Hierarchy of the GSM frames.\relax }}{40}{figure.caption.31}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.4}{\ignorespaces Basic GSM network block diagram.\relax }}{42}{figure.caption.32}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.5}{\ignorespaces Initializing an successful SDCCH channel..\relax }}{46}{figure.caption.35}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.1}{\ignorespaces RRLP Request protocol. Assistance data can be sent before the request is made. If the assistance data are sent, their reception acknowledgement is sent as a response from the MS.\relax }}{48}{figure.caption.36}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.2}{\ignorespaces An example RRLP request. Constructing a binary RRLP request in PER from ASN.1. Yellow zero bits are extension markers or spare bits. \relax }}{54}{figure.caption.37}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.3}{\ignorespaces Reference location is a 14 octet stream built according to the given rule as specified in the standard \citep {3gppequations} under section \textit {7.3.6}.\relax }}{58}{figure.caption.38}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.4}{\ignorespaces World Geodetic System 1984\relax }}{58}{figure.caption.39}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.5}{\ignorespaces Requested AGPS assistance data to be delivered\relax }}{64}{figure.caption.44}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.1}{\ignorespaces nanoBTS with its plastic cover. Image courtesy of ip.access ltd\relax }}{70}{figure.caption.48}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.2}{\ignorespaces nanoBTS with two external antennas and five connection ports\relax }}{71}{figure.caption.50}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.3}{\ignorespaces Navilock NL-402U, opened up with the antenna and USB cable\relax }}{72}{figure.caption.52}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.4}{\ignorespaces Cable connections, showing interconnection diagram\relax }}{73}{figure.caption.53}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {7.1}{\ignorespaces Test rooms as well as the results delivered by the smart phones.\relax }}{77}{figure.caption.55}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {7.2}{\ignorespaces Test room 2 with the positions of the smart phones\relax }}{79}{figure.caption.56}
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