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authorRefik Hadzialic2012-09-11 21:06:07 +0200
committerRefik Hadzialic2012-09-11 21:06:07 +0200
commit003c2fbc1516b377dd25788607e1caf252cee69f (patch)
tree41e3edc7fd7136b21bdcadc765acf0a37ff4f25c
parentChanges (diff)
downloadmalign-003c2fbc1516b377dd25788607e1caf252cee69f.tar.gz
malign-003c2fbc1516b377dd25788607e1caf252cee69f.tar.xz
malign-003c2fbc1516b377dd25788607e1caf252cee69f.zip
Changes
-rw-r--r--vorlagen/thesis/maindoc.pdfbin8573241 -> 8578653 bytes
-rw-r--r--vorlagen/thesis/src/erklaerung.tex2
-rw-r--r--vorlagen/thesis/src/img/algorithmRRLP.graphml4
-rw-r--r--vorlagen/thesis/src/img/algorithmRRLP.pdf1514
-rw-r--r--vorlagen/thesis/src/kapitel_x.tex359
-rw-r--r--vorlagen/thesis/src/maindoc.lof4
-rw-r--r--vorlagen/thesis/src/maindoc.pdfbin7713615 -> 0 bytes
-rw-r--r--vorlagen/thesis/src/titel.tex2
8 files changed, 1040 insertions, 845 deletions
diff --git a/vorlagen/thesis/maindoc.pdf b/vorlagen/thesis/maindoc.pdf
index b38d2d6..3bcc4db 100644
--- a/vorlagen/thesis/maindoc.pdf
+++ b/vorlagen/thesis/maindoc.pdf
Binary files differ
diff --git a/vorlagen/thesis/src/erklaerung.tex b/vorlagen/thesis/src/erklaerung.tex
index 09b2d3e..2ad84cb 100644
--- a/vorlagen/thesis/src/erklaerung.tex
+++ b/vorlagen/thesis/src/erklaerung.tex
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ could extend my scholarship and stay in Freiburg.
I would like to thank my friend Mirza Hamza from the Telecommunications department on the faculty
of Electrical Engineering in Sarajevo for proofreading the AGPS chapter.
I would like to thank Sebastian Schmelzer for
-his LaTeX tips, Michael Neves Pereira and Jonathan Bauer for lending me their cell
+his LaTeX tips, Michael Pereira Neves and Jonathan Bauer for lending me their cell
phones to test my localization system as well as Johan Latocha for patiently explaining
words I did not understand in the German language and for showing me Inkscape.
I would like to thank Richard Zahoransky
diff --git a/vorlagen/thesis/src/img/algorithmRRLP.graphml b/vorlagen/thesis/src/img/algorithmRRLP.graphml
index aab318f..de47aad 100644
--- a/vorlagen/thesis/src/img/algorithmRRLP.graphml
+++ b/vorlagen/thesis/src/img/algorithmRRLP.graphml
@@ -209,8 +209,8 @@ successful?<y:LabelModel>
<y:Geometry height="119.01816377171201" width="238.03632754342402" x="371.2949314663832" y="126.490918114144"/>
<y:Fill color="#E8EEF7" color2="#FFF0AA" transparent="false"/>
<y:BorderStyle color="#000000" type="line" width="1.0"/>
- <y:NodeLabel alignment="center" autoSizePolicy="content" fontFamily="Dialog" fontSize="14" fontStyle="plain" hasBackgroundColor="false" hasLineColor="false" height="36.59375" modelName="custom" textColor="#000000" visible="true" width="152.599609375" x="42.71835908421201" y="41.212206885856006">Is everything
-correctly configured?<y:LabelModel>
+ <y:NodeLabel alignment="center" autoSizePolicy="content" fontFamily="Dialog" fontSize="14" fontStyle="plain" hasBackgroundColor="false" hasLineColor="false" height="36.59375" modelName="custom" textColor="#000000" visible="true" width="167.8642578125" x="35.08603486546201" y="41.212206885856006">Is every variable set in
+the configuration file?<y:LabelModel>
<y:SmartNodeLabelModel distance="4.0"/>
</y:LabelModel>
<y:ModelParameter>
diff --git a/vorlagen/thesis/src/img/algorithmRRLP.pdf b/vorlagen/thesis/src/img/algorithmRRLP.pdf
index 3fab5e4..e0e01e6 100644
--- a/vorlagen/thesis/src/img/algorithmRRLP.pdf
+++ b/vorlagen/thesis/src/img/algorithmRRLP.pdf
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
/Keywords ()
/Creator (yExport 1.3)
/Producer (E.A.A.A.A 1.3)
- /CreationDate (D:20120831202330+02'00')
- /ModDate (D:20120831202330+02'00')
+ /CreationDate (D:20120911133932+02'00')
+ /ModDate (D:20120911133932+02'00')
/Trapped /False
>>
endobj
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trailer
<<
@@ -16204,6 +16382,6 @@ trailer
>>
startxref
-453630
+458046
%%EOF
diff --git a/vorlagen/thesis/src/kapitel_x.tex b/vorlagen/thesis/src/kapitel_x.tex
index 0623f5d..7a621f4 100644
--- a/vorlagen/thesis/src/kapitel_x.tex
+++ b/vorlagen/thesis/src/kapitel_x.tex
@@ -41,33 +41,34 @@ in the system and have better LBS performance as well as higher accuracy compare
In this thesis the author will provide the theoretical and practical
knowledge required for building a localization system of mobile users
inside of a 2G GSM network by taking advantage of the already-existing AGPS receivers inside of smart phones.
-
-\section{Goals and overview of the thesis}
-%In this thesis the author shall provide theoretical and practical
-%background knowledge required for building a localization system of mobile users
-%inside of a 2G GSM network by taking the advantage of AGPS receivers inside of smart phones.
-In the lab a 2G GSM network was set up similar to the real network environment
-provided by network operators. Software for generating assistance data
-was developed. Then the GSM software was modified to deliver requests and
-assistance data to cell phones according to a protocol described in the thesis.
-
-The reason why the AGPS method was prefered over other localization methods is because
+Another reason why the AGPS method was prefered over other localization methods is because
the position estimation is sufficiently precise and accurate compared to other methods.
Further advantage over other positioning techniques is that smart phones with an AGPS
receiver represent slightly less than 50\% of the total cell phone market in the most
-solvent EU economies and the US \citep{smartPhoneUsage}. The functional aspects and
-abuse risks of AGPS receivers in smart phones are relatively unknown,
-no relevant studies have been found and thus will be further analysed in this work.
-A certain privacy risk exists that it is possible to obtain the position of a mobile user
-without its knowledge of being surveillanced. This work may be seen as a scenario what
+solvent EU economies and the US \citep{smartPhoneUsage}. This work may be seen as a scenario what
kind of information can be gained by a third persons having access to a GSM network.
This thesis may be perceived as pioneer work in the field of localizing mobile users by
taking advantage of AGPS receivers in smart phones.
+\section{Overview of the thesis}
+%In this thesis the author shall provide theoretical and practical
+%background knowledge required for building a localization system of mobile users
+%inside of a 2G GSM network by taking the advantage of AGPS receivers inside of smart phones.
+%In the lab a 2G GSM network was set up similar to the real network environment
+%provided by network operators. Software for generating assistance data
+%was developed. Then the GSM software was modified to deliver requests and
+%assistance data to cell phones according to a protocol described in the thesis.
+
+%The functional aspects and
+%abuse risks of AGPS receivers in smart phones are relatively unknown,
+%no relevant studies have been found and thus will be further analysed in this work.
+%A certain privacy risk exists that it is possible to obtain the position of a mobile user
+%without its knowledge of being surveillanced.
+
The thesis is divided into three parts. The first is a theoretical introduction to GSM and GPS systems
as well as the protocol required for the positioning of mobile users.
The second part provides more details on the software implementation and the hardware required
-to construct the equivalent set up. The last section is a discussion and analysis of the findings and
+to construct the equivalent setup. The last section is a discussion and analysis of the findings and
accomplished results in the test environment. It is followed by the conclusion and provides
a discussion of security issues.
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ been explained, the author shall proceed with introducing the reader to the
Radio Resource Location Protocol (RRLP), responsible for transmission of
assistance data and obtaining the position of the mobile user. More details on RRLP
will be provided in chapter 4. In chapter 5, the reader will be introduced to the software
-development and implementation process. More details on the hardware connections and set up
+development and implementation process. More details on the hardware connections and setup
shall be provided in chapter 6. In chapter 7 test results and the test environment
will be presented. Chapter 8 will provide a summary of the entire system. The appendix
contains details for configuring the entire system and for obtaining the same results.
@@ -108,10 +109,10 @@ and how a data channel is initialized to deliver data to cell phones.
\label{img:GSMBig}
\end{figure}
\label{sec:GSMNetStruct}
-To build a ``physical'' connection to the cell phone a special purpose hardware must exist.
+Cell phones require special purpose hardware to build a wireless connections.
This hardware is the Base Transceiver Station (BTS). BTS is the first hardware unit the cell phone is communicating with over the air interface
-and provides a ``physical'' connection with the cell phone \citep[Chapter 3]{0890064717}. This physical connection between the
-BTS and the cell phone is the \textit{$U_m$ interface}, as shown in figure \ref{img:GSMBig}. A BTS can serve up
+and provides a connection with the cell phone \citep[Chapter 3]{0890064717}. This connection between the
+BTS and the cell phone is called the \textit{$U_m$ interface}, as shown in figure \ref{img:GSMBig}. A BTS can serve up
to six users on one frequency in full duplex mode since two out of eight time slot are used for broadcasting of signalling and system information.
%transmitted in the broadcast control channel (BCCH).
By sectorizing BTSs with different frequencies and by altering the configuration
@@ -182,7 +183,7 @@ ought to be tracked if they register \citep[Chapter 4]{0890064717}.
The main task of GSM networks was to enable wireless voice transmission between GSM and other GSM/telephone users
inside of switched networks. It was not designed to be used with data services which are a necessity in today's standards.
GSM networks are worldwide spread and work on different frequency spectrums depending on the country where
-the networks are employed. The reason why different frequencies are used is because of intereference with different
+the networks are deployed. The reason why different frequencies are used is because of intereference with different
wireless systems and used telecommunication standards. Particularly in Germany, the Federal Network Agency (German: $Bundesnetzagentur$) is the
responsible organisation for assigning different frequencies to GSM operators since these frequencies belong
to the group of licensed frequencies and are not allowed to be used by everyone. In Germany the used frequency bands
@@ -518,7 +519,7 @@ it is not hard to identify them while driving through urban areas with a WiFi sc
depicted in figure \ref{img:WiFiTag}, where the MS in this particular example is located where access points
1, 2 and 4 are visible at the same time stamp.
This technique works efficiently indoors as well as outdoors in cities since
-ranges of 801.11 b/g wireless networks are not more than 30-150 m, though the new standard 801.11 n has a wider coverage area.
+reception ranges of 801.11 b/g wireless networks are not more than 30-150 m, though the new standard 801.11 n has a wider coverage area.
A simple overview of all the discussed techniques is given in
table \ref{tbl:overviewLoc}.
@@ -566,8 +567,10 @@ It requires the cell phones to be equiped with an AGPS receiver.
From this point on, cell phones with an AGPS receiver shall be refered to as smart phones
since they have another potential use aside from the default communication application. The AGPS
position estimation technique is a hybrid-based technique because the position is estimated
-with the help of the handset, i.e. it estimates the position, and the network provider since
-it delivers the required assistance data for faster acquisition time.
+with the help of the handset and the network provider.
+In other words, the handset estimates the position and the network provider
+delivers the required assistance data for faster acquisition time. The aim of this thesis is
+to employ this technique to get positions of GSM users with smart phones.
%Further analyses showed that the received signals arrive at the cell phone
%with errors because of multiple propagation reflection and are often hardly
@@ -1974,22 +1977,107 @@ FixType ::= INTEGER {
\chapter{Implementation}
\label{Implementation}
-The aim of this chapter is to give the reader a review of the employed hardware,
-testbed setup and the implemented software. The main idea of the author's approach to the problem is
-discussed in this chapter. The implementation can be divided into two stages,
-the first stage being the inital phase of the thesis where the initial system has
-been set up to perform RRLP tests. The second stage can further be divided into two
-implementation parts. The first part of the second stage consists of the
-development of the application that generates RRLP assistance data. The second
-part of the second stage consists of modifying the existing open source GSM
-software by implementing the procedures for creating a data channel
-between the BTS and the MS. This channel was deployed for the transmission of
-assistance data to the MS and for obtaining the response from the MS.
-
-
-\section{Hardware and testbed setup}
-In the following section the author provides the testbed setup and
-presents the hardware components used in this thesis to the reader.
+The aim of this chapter is to give the reader a review of the deployed hardware,
+testbed setup and the implemented software. The main ideas of author's
+approach how to attack the problem are discussed in this chapter as well as
+ways to deploy the RRLP protocol to obtain positions estimated on the smart phones.
+The testbed setup can be divided into two sections because two different
+hardware platforms were available to investigate. The first testbed setup was based on a
+platform without dedicated GSM hardware, whereas the second was based on dedicated
+GSM hardware. The second testbed setup can further be divided into two
+implementation stages. The first stage consists of the development of the
+application that generates RRLP assistance data. The second stage consists
+of modifying the existing open source GSM software by implementing the procedures
+for creating a data channel between the BTS and the MS. This channel was deployed
+for the transmission of assistance data to the MS and for obtaining the response
+from the MS.
+
+%\newpage
+\section{Undedicated GSM hardware testbed setup}
+Traditionally all radio communication systems are hard wired and
+the hardware is developed to do only one dedicated function.
+However, the author wanted to investigate if it
+is possible to obtain positions from smart phones without using expensive
+dedicated GSM hardware. On the other hand, instead of the dedicated
+hardware a Software Defined Radio (SDR) platform was
+used to emulate the GSM network. SDR is a hardware platform that
+enables the development and test of different radio communication
+systems as well as protocols using software that modifies the function
+of the hardware. In other words, the hardware may perform
+different functions in the range of its specified limitations. For
+an illustration those limitations can include the frequency range in which
+the SDR can transmit and receive radio waves; or the speed of sampling a
+radio wave signal. The basic idea is to use the fast performance
+of the CPU inside the computer to do the signal processing while the
+SDR hardware itself performs only the physical radio communication like
+emitting and receiving radio waves. Alternatively to the
+dedicated hardware, SDR's are cheaper and can be
+programmed to perform various functions e.g. an FM radio,
+a GPS receiver, GSM and etc. All of the stated ``emulated devices''
+employ different modulation/demodulation techniques and
+frequency spectrums \citep{fmRadio} \citep{openBTS}.
+
+\subsection{Universal Software Radio Peripheral}
+The exploited SDR platform in this thesis was the Universal Software
+Radio Peripheral (USRP) by Ettus Research. Particularly for USRP,
+there was an existing implementation of GSM and RRLP software.
+
+\subsection{OpenBTS and first tests}
+The GSM network software employed on USRP was OpenBTS, a Linux
+application written in C++ utilising the SDR platform to provide a GSM air interface \citep{openBTS}.
+Initially, the system was tested with 2G cell phones (Nokia 3310 and Siemens M50)
+and its correctness was verified. While the system was tested with smart phones,
+strange behaviour had been discovered. Occasionally the smart phones ($iPhones$ $3GS$ and $4$)
+did not detect the created GSM network with OpenBTS, i.e. the network could not be found in
+the search menu where all GSM networks in range are shown.
+The reason for this strange phenomenon may be found
+in the unstable operation of the cheap clock oscillator. However, the clock's unstability
+issue can not be confirmed by the author due to the missing hardware equipment to measure
+the actual frequency and its deviation. Nevertheless, these findings
+were consistent with the results of the OpenBTS developers
+with similar clock issues\footnote{GSM not detecting station, USRP1, FA-SY1, WBX, DBS
+\url{http://www.ruby-forum.com/topic/1876696} as well as
+\url{http://gnuradio.org/redmine/attachments/219/fordummies.pdf}}.
+As previously the author stated in the GSM chapter, the clock oscillator for the BTS
+is not allowed to deviate more than $\pm$5 ppm (parts per million). This finding,
+that older cell phones like Nokia 3310 and Siemens M50
+have rather less problems connecting to the GSM network than the newer cell phones suggest
+that newer generation cell phones are not robust and resistant to the timing deviation
+issues.
+
+The deployed RRLP module for OpenBTS was written by Kurtis Heimerl in two different programming
+languages, Erlang and Common Gateway Interface (CGI)\footnote{Kurtis Heimerl's code can be
+found on \url{https://github.com/ttsou/RRLP}.}. The new GMS system configuration with the RRLP module
+in OpenBTS was examined. The first observation
+and finding was that not a single smart phone could connect to the GSM network.
+The log files contained information why the smart phones could not connect to the GSM network.
+Time-outs triggered by OpenBTS were the main reason why the smart phones could not enter
+the GSM network.
+The time-outs were triggered while the smart phones tried to get a
+position fix after the RRLP request was delivered. This result may be
+explained by analysing at what stage in the protocol the RRLP requests were sent.
+The RRLP request was immediately sent after the paging request had been obtained by the MS.
+Contrary to smart phones, the 2G phones continued their normal operation
+after the RRLP request have been received. This was due to the fact that 2G phones
+did not understand the RRLP request and therefore they skipped it.
+This evidence justifies the time-out behaviour. When the option, for sending RRLP requests
+while the paging is in progress, was disabled, this problem was solved!
+Next step was to manually send the RRLP requests from the OpenBTS terminal
+to smart phones. Contrary to expectations, the smart phones occasionally received the
+RRLP request as an SMS message and did not provide any response.
+In the case, where the smart phones did not receive the
+RRLP request as an SMS message, there was still no response sent back by the smart phones.
+One of the consequences of such behaviour was that the RRLP could not be tested
+inside of this setup because the system itself was unstable and had an unpredictable
+behaviour. The conducted tests with OpenBTS thus lead to a logical decision to
+employ dedicated BTS hardware with a tested and calibrated clock oscillator only
+for GSM. On the other hand, the Erlang RRLP module was a starting point to understand
+the RRLP protocol. The generated assistance data packets by the RRLP module
+were used for comparison and as a template to build the author's RRLP assistance
+data generator.
+
+
+\section{Dedicated GSM hardware testbed setup}
The hardware components will be introduced according to their
importance in building an operational and functional GSM
network with GPS localization capabilities. Firstly the nanoBTS shall be
@@ -2010,16 +2098,16 @@ for which the University of Freiburg had obtained a licence from the
Federal Network Agency (German: $Bundesnetzagentur$). The transmission frequencies
range between 1805-1880 MHz, with 200 kHz channel spacing and the maximum
output power of +23 dBm ($\approx$200 mW), whereas the receiving frequencies
-lie in the range between 1710-1785 MHz \citep{nanoGSM2007brochure}. At the bottom of the nanoBTS there are 5 ports,
-as seen in Figure \ref{img:nanoBTSPorts}. The ports from left to right are: voltage supply,
-ethernet cable with power supply, USB port, TIB-IN and TIB-OUT. The ethernet cable with power supply
-is required to power the BTS and to connect its operating software (OpenBSC). The other ports are
-used to extend the GSM network performance operation but are not relevant to the work presented in this thesis.
+lie in the range between 1710-1785 MHz \citep{nanoGSM2007brochure}.
+The ethernet cable with power supply is required to power the BTS and
+to connect its operating software (OpenBSC). The other ports are used to
+extend the GSM network performance operation but are not relevant to the
+work presented in this thesis.
\begin{figure}[ht!]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.10]{img/nanoBTSPorts.jpg}
- \caption{nanoBTS with two external antennas and five connection ports}
+ \caption{nanoBTS with its antennas.}
\label{img:nanoBTSPorts}
\end{figure}
@@ -2042,22 +2130,23 @@ The GPS receiver was used as an indicator of whether there is any GPS signal in
\subsection{Testbed setup configuration}
\label{sec:hardwareConfig}
-At least 4 network cables with RJ45 connectors were required
-and one switch or hub connected to the internet. It is important to carefully
-proceed with the cabling of the nanoBTS and the ethernet switch or hub, since wrong
-wiring with the power supply unit (PSU) could damage one of the devices.
+%At least 4 network cables with RJ45 connectors were required
+%and one switch or hub connected to the internet. It is important to carefully
+%proceed with the cabling of the nanoBTS and the ethernet switch or hub, since wrong
+%wiring with the power supply unit (PSU) could damage one of the devices.
In Figure \ref{img:connectionDiagram}, the junction points are label according
-to the used configuration setting. The ethernet cables between the switch/hub,
-PSU and nanoBTS should not be longer than 100 m \citep{installnanoBTS}.
+to the used configuration setting. %The ethernet cables between the switch/hub,
+%PSU and nanoBTS should not be longer than 100 m \citep{installnanoBTS}.
Author's test system operated on the ARFCN 877 channel.
ARFCN 877 corresponds to the uplink frequency of 1,783.2 MHz and a downlink
frequency of 1,878.2 MHz, where the uplink direction
-represents the direction from the nanoBTS to the mobile stations and downlink the
-opposite direction. The decision to use the ARFCN 877 channel was derived from
-the fact that the channel was free, measurements were carried out with a
-spectrum analyser built on the USRP hardware. The set up, installation
-and configuration are
-discussed in appendix \ref{sec:instConf}.
+represents the direction from the nanoBTS to the MS and downlink the
+opposite direction. The decision to use the ARFCN 877 channel was based on the
+fact that our University has the licence for the frequency spectrum where
+the specified channel lies. Particularly
+this channel has been selected because it was free,
+measurements were carried out with a spectrum analyser built on the USRP hardware.
+The set up, installation and configuration are discussed in appendix \ref{sec:instConf}.
\begin{figure}[ht!]
\centering
@@ -2065,87 +2154,10 @@ discussed in appendix \ref{sec:instConf}.
\caption{Cable configuration diagram.}
\label{img:connectionDiagram}
\end{figure}
-\newpage
-\section{Initial phase of RRLP testbed setup}
-Traditionally all radio communication systems are hard wired and
-the hardware is developed to do only one fixed function as the
-nanoBTS, to serve as a BTS. nanoBTS is a dedicated BTS hardware,
-used to set up a test GSM network. However,
-at the start of the thesis, the author had no access to the nanoBTS.
-On the other hand, instead of the nanoBTS a Software Defined Radio
-(SDR) platform was available and used to emulate the GSM network.
-SDR is a hardware platform that enables the development and testing
-of different radio communication systems as well as protocols
-using software that modifies the function of the hardware.
-In other words, the hardware may perform
-different functions in the range of its specified limitations. Those limitations
-can be the frequency range in which the SDR can transmit and receive radio waves,
-the speed of sampling a radio wave signal and some other properties.
-The basic idea is to use the fast performance of the CPU inside the
-computer to do the signal processing while the
-SDR hardware itself performs only the physical radio communication like
-emitting and receiving radio waves. Alternatively to the
-dedicated hardware, SDR's can be programmed to perform various
-functions e.g. an FM radio, a GPS receiver, GSM and etc.
-All of the stated ``emulated devices'' employ different modulation/demodulation
-procedures and frequency spectrums
-\citep{fmRadio} \citep{openBTS}. Theoretically ``anything'' can be
-built using an SDR platform that is within the domain of the SDR hardware.
-The exploited SDR platform in this thesis was the Universal Software
-Radio Peripheral (USRP) by Ettus Research. USRP already had a GSM and RRLP software
-implementation. The GSM network software used on USRP was OpenBTS, a Linux
-application written in C++ employing the SDR platform to provide a GSM air interface \citep{openBTS}.
-Once the system has been successfully configured and put in operation, tests
-had been run to verify that it was operating properly. Initially, the system was
-tested with 2G cell phones (Nokia 3310 and Siemens M50) and its correctness was verified.
-While the system was tested with smart phones, a strange behaviour was noticed.
-Occasionally the smart phones ($iPhones$ $3GS$ and $4$) could not detect existence of the
-GSM network at all, i.e. the network could not be found in the search menu where
-all GSM networks in range are shown. The reason for this strange phenomenon may be found
-in the unstable operation of the cheap clock oscillator. However, the clock's unstability
-issue can not be confirmed by the author due to the missing hardware equipment to measure
-the actual frequency and its deviation. Nevertheless, these findings
-were consistent with the results of the OpenBTS developers
-with similar clock issues\footnote{GSM not detecting station, USRP1, FA-SY1, WBX, DBS
-\url{http://www.ruby-forum.com/topic/1876696}}. As previously stated in the GSM chapter,
-the clock oscillator for the BTS is not allowed to deviate more than $\pm$5 ppm
-(parts per million). This finding, that older cell phones like Nokia 3310 and Siemens M50
-have rather less problems connecting to the GSM network than the newer cell phones suggest
-that newer generation cell phones are not robust and resistant to the timing deviation
-issues.
-Meanwhile the RRLP module was downloaded and installed. The module was written by Kurtis
-Heimerl in two different programming languages, Erlang and Common Gateway Interface
-(CGI)\footnote{Kurtis Heimerl's code can be found on \url{https://github.com/ttsou/RRLP}}.
-Once the RRLP module was configured and installed, the new GMS system configuration
-was examined. The first observation and finding was that not a single smart phone could
-connect to the GSM network. In the log files it could be seen that a time out was triggered
-by OpenBTS. This timeout was triggered while the smart phones tried to get a
-position fix after the RRLP request was delivered to the MS. This result may be
-explained by analysing at what stage in the protocol the RRLP request was sent.
-The RRLP request was immediately sent after the paging request has been obtained by the MS.
-The 2G phones continued their normal operation
-after the RRLP request contrary to smart phones. This was due to the fact that 2G phones
-did not understand the RRLP request and therefore they skipped it.
-This evidence justifies the time out behaviour. Once the option, for sending RRLP requests
-while the paging is in progress, was disabled, this problem was solved!
-Next step was to manually send the RRLP requests from the OpenBTS terminal
-to smart phones. Contrary to expectations, the smart phones occasionally received the
-RRLP request as an SMS message and did not provide any response.
-In the case where the smart phones did not receive the
-RRLP request as an SMS message, there was still no response produced.
-One of the consequences of such behaviour was that the RRLP could not be tested
-inside of this set up because the system itself was unstable and had an unpredictable
-behaviour. The conducted tests with OpenBTS thus lead to a logical decision to
-employ dedicated BTS hardware with a tested and calibrated clock oscillator only
-for GSM. On the other hand, the Erlang RRLP module was a starting point to understand
-the RRLP protocol. The generated assistance data packets by the RRLP module
-were used for comparison and as a template to build the author's RRLP assistance
-data generator. The nanoBTS is operated by OpenBSC (not the same as OpenBTS) which
-will be explained in the following section.
\newpage
-\section{OpenBSC and its original RRLP implementation}
-OpenBSC is an open source implementation of a GSM network software by Osmocom.
+\subsection{OpenBSC and its original RRLP implementation}
+OpenBSC is an open source implementation of a GSM network software by Harald Welte et al.
It was developed for experimentation and security research of the GSM networks
\citep{obsc1}.
OpenBSC is ``implementing the minimal necessary parts to build a small,
@@ -2160,7 +2172,7 @@ not of interest to this work. OpenBSC has an implemented module for
transmitting RRLP requests, however without assistance data. This module was
tested but without successfully obtaining a position from the MS.
While the tests have been performed, no results were obtained due to a
-watchdog time out produced by OpenBSC. In order to send an RRLP request in
+watchdog time-out produced by OpenBSC. In order to send an RRLP request in
OpenBSC, a silent SMS would be sent to the cell phone followed by the RRLP
request. Silent SMS is the equivalent of a normal SMS but without notifying
the user of its reception \citep{silentSMS}. When the silent SMS is received
@@ -2175,7 +2187,7 @@ another approach had to be taken by the author to send RRLP assistance data
with position requests. This shall be further analysed and explained in
detail in the following sections.
-\section{RRLP assistance data generator}
+\subsection{RRLP assistance data generator}
At this point of the thesis,
two different RRLP implementations on two different hardware platforms
have been examined without successfully obtaining a GPS localization.
@@ -2263,15 +2275,14 @@ database, obtaining the result and closing the socket connection.
At this point, the assistance data are ready to be opened by OpenBSC
and sent to the MS.
-\section{Creating a data channel in OpenBSC}
-To avoid the watchdog time out triggered by OpenBSC when the RRLP
+\subsection{Creating a data channel in OpenBSC}
+To avoid the watchdog time-out triggered by OpenBSC when the RRLP
requests have been sent originally, the solution was to create a dedicated data
channel. The previously implemented approach by OpenBSC developers
was to open a data channel with a silent SMS and then to send the
RRLP request without any assistance data. However, this triggered always
-a time out. The new approach, implemented by the author, can be split up
-into four steps: adding a command in the Virtual Teletype interface to
-launch an RRLP request; open a dedicated data
+a time-out. The new approach, implemented by the author, can be split up
+into four steps: adding a command to launch an RRLP request; open a dedicated data
channel (SDCCH) between the BTS and MS; open the text file generated with
the RRLP assistance data generator in the previous step;
send the RRLP packets; wait for the response from the MS and
@@ -2361,8 +2372,7 @@ int response = gsm48_send_rr_app_info(conn, 0x00, AlmanacPackets[packNum].length
\chapter{Results}
-One of the most important parts of this thesis are the results.
-Performed tests will be explained and how the results
+In this chapter performed tests will be explained and how the results
were obtained. Analysis of the results will be discussed as well as the geographical
dislocation error will be shown. Smart phones used
for the test are going to be introduced, followed by showing the location
@@ -2396,16 +2406,16 @@ criterion and have been used to perform the tests.
\label{tbl:smartphones}\centering
%\rowcolor{2}{light-gray}{}
\scriptsize\fontfamily{iwona}\selectfont
-\begin{tabular}{llll}
+\begin{tabular}{llllll}
\toprule
%$D$&&$P_u$&$\sigma_N$\\
-\textbf{Cell phone} & \textbf{Manufacturer \& Country}&\textbf{Cell phone} & \textbf{Manufacturer \& Country}\\\toprule
-$Defy$&Motorola, USA&$Galaxy$ $Nexus$ $i9250$&Samsung, South Korea\\\midrule
-$iPhone$ $4$&Apple, USA&$E71$&Nokia, Finland\\\midrule
-$iPhone$ $3GS$&Apple, USA&$N95$&Nokia, Finland\\\midrule
-$G1$&Google, USA&$Desire$ $S$&HTC, Taiwan\\\midrule
-$Galaxy$ $S2$&Samsung, South Korea&$Blade$&ZTE, P.R. of China\\\midrule
-$Galaxy$ $S3$&Samsung, South Korea
+\textbf{No.}&\textbf{Cell phone} & \textbf{Manufacturer \& Country}&\textbf{No.}&\textbf{Cell phone} & \textbf{Manufacturer \& Country}\\\toprule
+1&$Defy$&Motorola, USA&7&$Galaxy$ $Nexus$ $i9250$&Samsung, South Korea\\\midrule
+2&$iPhone$ $4$&Apple, USA&8&$E71$&Nokia, Finland\\\midrule
+3&$iPhone$ $3GS$&Apple, USA&9&$N95$&Nokia, Finland\\\midrule
+4&$G1$&Google, USA&10&$Desire$ $S$&HTC, Taiwan\\\midrule
+5&$Galaxy$ $S2$&Samsung, South Korea&11&$Blade$&ZTE, P.R. of China\\\midrule
+6&$Galaxy$ $S3$&Samsung, South Korea
\\\bottomrule
\end {tabular}
\end {table}
@@ -2418,8 +2428,8 @@ assistance data was sent. The second test included an RRLP request with almanac
The last test was an RRLP request with almanac, ephemeris, UTC model,
ionospheric model and reference location data. The stated requests have been sent in an
reverse order, to observe if the smart phones can actually exploit and benefit from the assistance data.
-The RRLP requests were manually sent from the Telnet interface from OpenBSC after they have been
-implemented by the author. Results delivered by the MS were stored in the database and the
+The RRLP requests were manually sent from the Telnet interface from OpenBSC.
+Results delivered by the MS were stored in the database and the
following analysis is based on the results.
\begin{figure}[ht!]
@@ -2434,7 +2444,10 @@ in figure \ref{img:googlemapsResults} depicted with a green dot as Test room 1.
The smart phones were horizontally lying on the table $50 cm$ away from the window in the first test
and in the second test vertically parallel to the window. The results of two smart phones, $iPhone$ $3GS$ and $G1$,
showed that their position did not make any influence on the test results. The delivered position coordinates
-in two performed tests were in range of the green rectangle labeled with a white one in the left corner.
+in two performed tests were in range of the green rectangle labeled with a white one in the left corner. Although returned
+positions were points, rectangles had been used to depict the regions where the positions would appear for measured room test
+points. Two repeated measurements would yield a position in these rectangular areas. This might be considered as an disadvantage in precision
+of the GPS receivers inside the smart phones.
According to Google Earth, Test room 1 has the following coordinates: latitude 48\textdegree 0'13.21"N and
longitude 7\textdegree 50'53.53"E. The results were 5-20 m away from the
real position according to Google Earth. The $iPhone$ $3GS$ sent only a response when assistance data
@@ -2469,7 +2482,7 @@ any of the assistance data, will be provided for other smart phones older than t
\caption{Test room 2 with the positions of the smart phones.}\label{fig:animals}
\label{img:smartphonepositions}
\end{figure}
-
+%\newpage
The second tests took place in Test room 2. Test room 2 is located in the basement of the
computer pool, with the following coordinates: latitude 48\textdegree 0'13.12"N and
longitude 7\textdegree 50'53.50"E. The fact that the tests took place in the basement adds
@@ -2526,7 +2539,7 @@ by the yellow dot. The third test room has the following coordinates:
latitude 48\textdegree 0'12.26"N and longitude 7\textdegree 50'54.45"E.
The smart phones were placed on the windows.
In this room, the tested smart phones did not deliver any positions but only errors about
-missing assistance data and time outs. While non of the smart phones delivered their position,
+missing assistance data and time-outs. While non of the smart phones delivered their position,
the room was tested if a GPS position can be obtained with an external GPS receiver.
The test was successful and after 12 minutes the position was obtained but the signal
strength was weak according to the delivered GPS output. An implication emerging from
@@ -2539,7 +2552,7 @@ and use a passive antenna because active antennas have an additional power consu
To determine if the delivered results are taken from the cache or some other memory in the
smart phone, the same test have been performed in the basement hallway where no
windows exist right after the smart phones have successfully delivered their position
-in Test room 2. This test did not deliver any position but only time outs
+in Test room 2. This test did not deliver any position but only time-outs
or errors containing information that no satellites are visible.
This test confirmed that the smart phones are always performing a
postion estimation at the moment when an RRLP request is sent to the MS.
@@ -2561,7 +2574,7 @@ in the left corner of it.
\toprule
%$D$&&$P_u$&$\sigma_N$\\
\textbf{Cell phone model}&\textbf{RRLP(E)}&\textbf{RRLP(A)}&\textbf{RRLP}&\textbf{Type of error (or missing data)}\\\toprule
-$Defy$&No&No&No&No response (time out) \\\midrule
+$Defy$&No&No&No&No response (time-out) \\\midrule
$iPhone$ $4$&No&No&No&Reference time, Navigation Model,\\
&&&&Reference Location\\\midrule
$iPhone$ $3GS$&Yes&Yes&No&/\\\midrule
@@ -2597,15 +2610,15 @@ immediately closed the SDCCH channel. The $Blade$ closed the SDCCH channel after
assistance packets for the RRLP(E) test. The $Defy$ by Motorola did not produce any output at
all and its behaviour was exact like of an 2G cell phone without a GPS receiver.
To eliminate doubts and suspicion if the SDCCH channel was properly working and the
-generated time outs were not by OpenBSC, 2G phones (Nokia 3310 and Siemens M50)
+generated time-outs were not by OpenBSC, 2G phones (Nokia 3310 and Siemens M50)
have been used to perform the SDCCH test. An SDCCH channel
has been initialized 10 times on different days with the 2G phones and left open for 10
minutes. The 2G phones reported the signal strengths of the initialized channel according
-to the defined standard. This provides a proof that if time outs were generated, they were
+to the defined standard. This provides a proof that if time-outs were generated, they were
generated by the smart phones rather than OpenBSC. One important remark related
to the tests has to be mentioned.
Occasionally, $iPhone$ $3GS$ and $G1$ did not deliver their results the first time the RRLP
-request was sent but an time out which lead to the disconnection of the SDCCH channel.
+request was sent but an time-out which lead to the disconnection of the SDCCH channel.
Second time the same RRLP request were sent, the smart phones delivered their positions.
This unexpected behaviour raises a suspicion that
the smart phones do not behave according to the RRLP standard where it is well defined how much
@@ -2680,12 +2693,16 @@ reference time and acquisition assistance data. This feature would enhance the
complete system. However, one ought to understand it would require large changes
in the OpenBSC source code and interoperability between the BTS and LMU.
-Additionally a position tracking system of GSM users could be built. By adding a timer that will
-execute an RRLP request every few minutes. The successfully estimated positions could
-be connected into a moving paths. Along the suggested idea, a machine learning algorithm
-could be used to process the path data and to predict the movement of GSM users
-for specific weekdays \citep{predictMovements}. If the routes of the GSM users are known, the user
-could be warned to take another path.
+Additionally, a tracking system of GSM users could be built by adding a timer
+that will trigger an RRLP request every few seconds or minutes. The successfully
+estimated positions could be considered as vertices on a map. By connecting vertices
+in succeeding manner, routes are created. Along the suggested idea, a machine learning
+algorithm ought to be used to process the path data and to predict the movement of GSM users
+for specific weekdays \citep{predictMovements}. After the machine learning algorithm
+has successfully learned the movement routes of the GSM user, the system could be used as an
+early warning system for the GSM user. For an illustration, if an GSM user takes one drive route
+every Monday and there is a traffic jam, an early warning SMS could be sent to the user
+to take another route.
%Tests could be performed if it possible if it can be tricked out by the software Dennis mentioned (protect my privacy)!
diff --git a/vorlagen/thesis/src/maindoc.lof b/vorlagen/thesis/src/maindoc.lof
index 73e6661..5e21867 100644
--- a/vorlagen/thesis/src/maindoc.lof
+++ b/vorlagen/thesis/src/maindoc.lof
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.4}{\ignorespaces World Geodetic System 1984. Image courtesy of \citep {harper2010server-side}.\relax }}{42}{figure.caption.32}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4.5}{\ignorespaces Requested AGPS assistance data to be delivered. Image courtesy of \citep {49.031V8.1.0}.\relax }}{44}{figure.caption.33}
\addvspace {10\p@ }
-\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5.1}{\ignorespaces nanoBTS with two external antennas and five connection ports\relax }}{48}{figure.caption.35}
-\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5.2}{\ignorespaces Cable configuration diagram.\relax }}{49}{figure.caption.36}
+\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5.1}{\ignorespaces nanoBTS with its antennas.\relax }}{50}{figure.caption.35}
+\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5.2}{\ignorespaces Cable configuration diagram.\relax }}{51}{figure.caption.36}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5.3}{\ignorespaces Flowchart for the RRLP assistance data generator.\relax }}{54}{figure.caption.37}
\addvspace {10\p@ }
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6.1}{\ignorespaces Test rooms as well as the results delivered by the smart phones. Image courtesy of Google Maps.\relax }}{59}{figure.caption.39}
diff --git a/vorlagen/thesis/src/maindoc.pdf b/vorlagen/thesis/src/maindoc.pdf
deleted file mode 100644
index 76697a8..0000000
--- a/vorlagen/thesis/src/maindoc.pdf
+++ /dev/null
Binary files differ
diff --git a/vorlagen/thesis/src/titel.tex b/vorlagen/thesis/src/titel.tex
index 7c18d53..196bd38 100644
--- a/vorlagen/thesis/src/titel.tex
+++ b/vorlagen/thesis/src/titel.tex
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
\vspace{2.8mm}
\textsf{ \large Lehrstuhl für Kommunikationsysteme}\\
\vspace{.8mm}
- \textsf{ \large Prof. Dr. Gerhard Schneider}
+ \textsf{ \large}
\end{flushright}
}
};