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authorRefik Hadzialic2012-09-06 17:55:30 +0200
committerRefik Hadzialic2012-09-06 17:55:30 +0200
commitc9c13d7b19c99653619653bf99fe03dc9e376a1f (patch)
tree268b387d83c3485d5076ea930743d9b2b9cfb794
parentChanges (diff)
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Changes
-rw-r--r--vorlagen/thesis/maindoc.pdfbin8556086 -> 8586500 bytes
-rw-r--r--vorlagen/thesis/src/.kapitel_A.tex.kate-swpbin70 -> 0 bytes
-rw-r--r--vorlagen/thesis/src/img/GSMBig.pdfbin653430 -> 695071 bytes
-rw-r--r--vorlagen/thesis/src/img/GSMBig.svg304
-rw-r--r--vorlagen/thesis/src/img/GSMUpDownFreq.pdfbin10651 -> 10751 bytes
-rw-r--r--vorlagen/thesis/src/img/GSMUpDownFreq.svg40
-rw-r--r--vorlagen/thesis/src/kapitel_A.tex323
-rw-r--r--vorlagen/thesis/src/kapitel_x.tex58
-rw-r--r--vorlagen/thesis/src/maindoc.lof2
-rw-r--r--vorlagen/thesis/src/maindoc.tex6
10 files changed, 465 insertions, 268 deletions
diff --git a/vorlagen/thesis/maindoc.pdf b/vorlagen/thesis/maindoc.pdf
index e0ad759..56a7707 100644
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Binary files differ
diff --git a/vorlagen/thesis/src/.kapitel_A.tex.kate-swp b/vorlagen/thesis/src/.kapitel_A.tex.kate-swp
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index 208bd82..0000000
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Binary files differ
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index 4601eff..e111ac7 100644
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diff --git a/vorlagen/thesis/src/img/GSMUpDownFreq.pdf b/vorlagen/thesis/src/img/GSMUpDownFreq.pdf
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- sodipodi:role="line">935.6</tspan></text>
+ sodipodi:role="line">925.6</tspan></text>
<text
sodipodi:linespacing="125%"
id="text5077-32"
@@ -684,7 +684,7 @@
id="tspan5081-3"
y="299.37012"
x="341.33087"
- sodipodi:role="line">935.6</tspan><tspan
+ sodipodi:role="line">925.6</tspan><tspan
id="tspan5087-8"
style="font-size:12px"
y="314.37012"
@@ -694,7 +694,7 @@
style="font-size:12px"
y="329.37012"
x="341.33087"
- sodipodi:role="line">935.8</tspan></text>
+ sodipodi:role="line">925.8</tspan></text>
<text
sodipodi:linespacing="125%"
id="text5077-1"
diff --git a/vorlagen/thesis/src/kapitel_A.tex b/vorlagen/thesis/src/kapitel_A.tex
index 3fbbb2e..645068d 100644
--- a/vorlagen/thesis/src/kapitel_A.tex
+++ b/vorlagen/thesis/src/kapitel_A.tex
@@ -191,14 +191,14 @@ ip.access unit_id 1801 0
At this point the nanoBTS and OpenBSC configuration is done.
\newpage
-\subsection{Installation and configuration of GNSS assistance software}
+\subsection{Installation and configuration of RRLP assistance software}
\label{sec:appendSoft}
-To install the RRLP software that generates GNSS assistance data several
+To install the RRLP software that generates assistance data, several
libraries are required to be installed, \textit{cURL}\footnote{It may happen that
-the given download URLs are wrong and in the meantime have changed, but one
+the given download URLs are incorrect and have changed in the meantime, but one
can easily find the latest versions on \url{http://curl.haxx.se/} and \url{http://www.hyperrealm.com/libconfig/}},
\textit{libconfig} and \textit{SQLite}. \textit{cURL} was used
-for the purpose of safely downloading GNSS data from the
+for the purpose of safely downloading assistance data from the
Navigation Center of the US Coast Guard and Trimble server. \textit{libconfig}
library is used for reading in the configuration file, this
way compiling of the software whenever one changes the settings was avoided. The
@@ -220,9 +220,8 @@ cd libconfig-1.4.8/
make
sudo make install
\end{lstlisting}
-
Once the libraries have been successfully installed, the user may proceed
-with the configuration and compiling the GNSS assistance software, which is the
+with the configuration and compiling the RRLP assistance software, which is the
key software produced in this thesis. The configuration file can be found in the
same directory as the RRLP modules under the name: ``gnssrrlp.cfg''. The sample
configuration file is already preconfigured for the location of ``Angewandte
@@ -245,17 +244,14 @@ DD = D + \frac{M}{60} + \frac{S}{3600}
The altitude may be left as it is, set to 0, since it is not used in the current
measurement technique\footnote{If the value is set to zero,
it is important to set it to 0.0 because \textit{libconfig} would otherwise
-convert it to an integer however it is a floating point number.}. \todo{Describe other
-parameters as well.}
-
+convert it to an integer however it is a floating point number.}. The boolean
+variables can take \textit{true} or \textit{false} values.
\begin{lstlisting}
// An example configuration file for the GNSS RRLP software.
-name = "Configuration for GNSS and RRLP";
-
+name = "Configuration for RRLP";
// Change the settings if required:
settings =
-{
- config = ( {
+{config = ( {
ephemeris_url = "ftp://ftp.trimble.com/pub/eph/CurRnxN.nav";
almanac_url = "http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/ ?pageName=currentAlmanac&format=yuma";
latitude_of_BTS = 48.003601;
@@ -269,26 +265,18 @@ settings =
extra_seconds_to_add = 7;
timezone_of_BTS = 1;
time_to_refresh_ephem = 1;
- time_to_refresh_alm = 1 ; } );
-};
+ time_to_refresh_alm = 1 ; } );};
\end{lstlisting}
-
-
-\todo{CHECK IF THIS IS CORRECT}
-\label{accuracyUncertainty}
The uncertainty of the latitude and longitude correctness can be described
using equation \eqref{eq:unclatlong} \citep{3gppequations}. The uncertainty of
$r$ is expressed in meters, it defines how accurate is the specified location
of the BTS. In the configuration file, $K$ is set to 7, which corresponds to
-$r$ = 9.4872 m. Instead of using the integer parameter $K$ as the known variable,
-the equation \eqref{eq:unclatlong} can be rewritten as in \eqref{eq:unclatlongnew},
-where we can get the integer value $K$ for a previously selected $r$.
+$r$ = 9.4872 m.
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:unclatlong}
\centering
\begin{array}{l}
-\displaystyle r=C((1+x)^{K}-1) \\
-\displaystyle \\
+\displaystyle r=C((1+x)^{K}-1)\;\;
\displaystyle where \left\{ \begin{array}{rcl}
C & = & 10 \\
x & = & 0.1 \\
@@ -296,67 +284,33 @@ where we can get the integer value $K$ for a previously selected $r$.
\end{array}\right.
\end{array}
\end{equation}
-
-\begin{equation}
-\label{eq:unclatlongnew}
-\centering
-\begin{array}{l}
-\displaystyle K=\bigg\lceil\frac{ln(\frac{r}{C}+1)}{ln(1+x)}\bigg\rceil \\
-\displaystyle \\
-\displaystyle where \left\{ \begin{array}{rcl}
- C & = & 10 \\
- x & = & 0.1 \\
- r & \in & [0,1800]\, \mathrm{km}
-\end{array}\right.
-\end{array}
-\end{equation}
-
A set of uncertainties $r$ is given in table \ref{tab:unclatlong} for various integer values of $K$.
-\begin{table}[h]
-\centering
-\begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
-\hline
-Value of $K$ & Value of uncertainty $r$\\
-\hline
-0 & 0 m\\
-\hline
-1 & 1 m \\
-\hline
-2 & 2.1 m\\
-\hline
-3 & 3.3 m\\
-\hline
-- & - \\
-\hline
-20 & 57.3 m\\
-\hline
-- & -\\
-\hline
-60 & 3.0348 km\\
-\hline
-- & -\\
-\hline
-100 & 137.8 km\\
-\hline
-- & -\\
-\hline
-\end{tabular}
+\begin {table}[ht]
\caption{Example uncertainties (latitude and longitude) for various integer values of $K$}
-\label{tab:unclatlong}
-\end{table}
-
+\label{tab:unclatlong}\centering
+%\rowcolor{2}{light-gray}{}
+\scriptsize\fontfamily{iwona}\selectfont
+\begin{tabular}{llll}
+\toprule
+%$D$&&$P_u$&$\sigma_N$\\
+\textbf{Value of $K$}&\textbf{Value of uncertainty $r$}&\textbf{Value of $K$}&\textbf{Value of uncertainty $r$}\\\toprule
+0 & 0 m&20 & 57.3 m\\\midrule
+1 & 1 m&60 & 3.0348 km
+%2 & 2.1 m&100 & 137.8 km\\\midrule
+%3 & 3.3 m&- & -
+\\\bottomrule
+\end {tabular}
+\end {table}
Altitude uncertainty can be described using the same Binomial expansion method,
as given in \eqref{eq:uncalt},
however with altered constant values \citep{3gppequations}. The altitude uncertainty ranges between 0 m and
990.5 m ($h\in[0,990.5]\, \mathrm{m}$). Although the same constant name $K$ is used, it
-describes the altitude uncertainty, \eqref{eq:uncaltnew}.
-
+describes the altitude uncertainty. A set of uncertainties $h$ is given in table \ref{tab:uncalt} for various integer values of $K$.
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:uncalt}
\centering
\begin{array}{l}
-\displaystyle h=C((1+x)^{K}-1) \\
-\displaystyle \\
+\displaystyle h=C((1+x)^{K}-1) \;\;
\displaystyle where \left\{ \begin{array}{rcl}
C & = & 45 \\
x & = & 0.025 \\
@@ -364,88 +318,41 @@ describes the altitude uncertainty, \eqref{eq:uncaltnew}.
\end{array}\right.
\end{array}
\end{equation}
-
-\begin{equation}
-\label{eq:uncaltnew}
-\centering
-\begin{array}{l}
-\displaystyle K=\bigg\lceil\frac{ln(\frac{h}{C}+1)}{ln(1+x)}\bigg\rceil \\
-\displaystyle \\
-\displaystyle where \left\{ \begin{array}{rcl}
- C & = & 45 \\
- x & = & 0.025 \\
- h & \in & [0,990.5]\, \mathrm{m}
-\end{array}\right.
-\end{array}
-\end{equation}
-
-A set of uncertainties $h$ is given in table \ref{tab:uncalt} for various integer values of $K$.
-\begin{table}[h]
-\centering
-\begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
-\hline
-Value of $K$ & Value of uncertainty $h$\\
-\hline
-0 & 0 m\\
-\hline
-1 & 1.13 m \\
-\hline
-2 & 2.28 m\\
-\hline
-3 & 3.46 m\\
-\hline
-- & - \\
-\hline
-20 & 28.74 m\\
-\hline
-- & -\\
-\hline
-60 & 152.99 m\\
-\hline
-- & -\\
-\hline
-100 & 486.62 m\\
-\hline
-- & -\\
-\hline
-\end{tabular}
+\begin {table}[]
\caption{Example uncertainties (altitude) for various integer values of $K$}
-\label{tab:uncalt}
-\end{table}
-
-Confidence level is the next parameter in the configuration file that needs to be set.
-It can take any integer value between 0 and 127. The confidence level defines the
+\label{tab:uncalt}\centering
+%\rowcolor{2}{light-gray}{}
+\scriptsize\fontfamily{iwona}\selectfont
+\begin{tabular}{llll}
+\toprule
+%$D$&&$P_u$&$\sigma_N$\\
+\textbf{Value of $K$}&\textbf{Value of uncertainty $h$}&\textbf{Value of $K$}&\textbf{Value of uncertainty $h$}\\\toprule
+0 & 0 m&20 & 28.74 m\\\midrule
+1 & 1.13 m&60 & 152.99 m
+%2 & 2.28 m&100 & 486.62 m\\\midrule
+%3 & 3.46 m&- & -
+\\\bottomrule
+\end {tabular}
+\end {table}
+Confidence level can take any integer value between 0 and 127. The confidence level defines the
percentage of the confidence that the target entity, the GSM user one wants to locate, is within
-the geometric shape defined earlier. A value of 0 and between 100 and 127, may be
-interpreted as ``no information'' \citep{3gppequations}. The reason why the values are not
-limited to 100 is because of the nature of binary numbers and that $2^6$ bits is not sufficient
-to represent the number 100, but rather requires one bit more.
-
-Confidence level is followed by the ephemeris repair option. Ephemeris repair is a variable
-of the boolean type, it can take two different values \textit{true} or \textit{false}. Ephemeris
-data may contain errors or miss some satellite information \citep{NASA-Ephem-Errors}
-\citep{Stanford-Ephem-Errors} and the ephemeris repair function, if set to true,
-will take data of the previous measurement report. This introduces an error as well.
-
-To increase the speed of measurement report, reference time can be used to provide extra
-information for the A-GPS in the MS of target entity. This field is of boolean
-type, if set to true, reference time is included in the sent packets.
-
-Since the sent packets are not transmitted in real time but put on a stack and
-then sent to the MS, a time delay exists. A solution to this problem is to
-add extra seconds to the reference time being sent. In order to assess
-the amount of extra seconds to add, the GSM operator is required experimentally
-to verify his/her findings. \todo{see how much the reference time can deviate from current time}.
-
+the geometric shape defined earlier. A value between 0 and 100; 127 may be
+interpreted as ``no information'' \citep{3gppequations}.
+Ephemeris repair is a variable of the boolean type.
+Ephemeris data may contain errors or miss some
+satellite information \citep{NASA-Ephem-Errors} \citep{Stanford-Ephem-Errors}
+and the ephemeris repair function, if set to true, will take data of the previous
+measurement report. This introduces an error as well.
+Reference time can be used to provide extra information for the A-GPS in the
+MS of target entity. This field is of boolean type, if set to true, reference
+time is included in the sent packets. Since the sent packets are not transmitted
+in real time but put on a stack and then sent to the MS, a time delay exists.
The reference time being sent to the MS is Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). The GPS device
receives UTC time from the satellites and adjusts the computer time. To set the correct
time, time zone offset of the BTS ought to be set correctly.
-
Finally, the refresh time of downloading new almanac and ephemeris data has to be set.
-The variable uses the hour unit, how often the data are being downloaded. If the data are
-used from a local GNSS station, refresh time of the ephemeris data should be set to
-every 30 minutes or 0.5 hours. The almanac data are valid for up to 180 days \citep{GPS-Guide} but are updated
-usually every day\footnote{Almanac update times can be found here:
+The variable uses the hour unit, how often the data are being refreshed and downloaded. The almanac
+data are valid for up to 180 days \citep{GPS-Guide} but are updated usually every day\footnote{Almanac update times can be found here:
\url{http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?pageName=currentNanus&format=txt}} \citep{GPS-Pentagon}.
\clearpage
@@ -492,39 +399,44 @@ Operational &Green - Steady & Default condition if none of the above apply&12 (L
\end {table}
\clearpage
-\section{GPS assistance data}
-Description of assistance data is given in the following tables. These
-are the RRLP assistance data converted in the RRLP packet generator software.
-
-\begin {table}[h]
-\caption{GPS UTC Model content. Table courtesy of \citep{harper2010server-side}.}
-\label{tbl:utcModel}\centering
+\section{GPS assistance data descriptions}
+Description of assistance data converted and sent inside the RRLP protocol.
+\begin {table}[ht!]
+\caption{Almanac message. Table courtesy of \citep{harper2010server-side}.}
+\label{tbl:almanacMessage}\centering
%\rowcolor{2}{light-gray}{}
\scriptsize\fontfamily{iwona}\selectfont
-\begin{tabular}{lllcc}
+\begin{tabular}{lll}
\toprule
%$D$&&$P_u$&$\sigma_N$\\
-\textbf{Field (IE)} & \textbf{Description}\\\toprule
-$A_{1}$&Drift coefficient of GPS time scale relative\\
-&to UTC time scale\\\midrule
-$A_{0}$&Bias coefficient of GPS time scale relative\\
-&to UTC time scale\\\midrule
-$t_{ot}$&Time data reference time of week\\\midrule
-$\Delta t_{LS}$&Current or past leap second count\\\midrule
-$WN_{0}$&Time data reference week number\\\midrule
-$WN_{LSF}$&Leap second reference week number\\\midrule
-$DN$&Leap second reference day number\\\midrule
-$\Delta t_{LSF}$&Current of future leap second count
+\textbf{Field (IE)}& \textbf{Description}\\\toprule
+SatelliteID&This is the satellite ID that is in the range of 0 to 63. PRN=SatelliteID + 1\\\midrule
+SV Health&Satellite health (e.q. 000 means the satellite is fully operational)\\\midrule
+$e$&``Eccentricity shows the amount of the orbit deviation from circular (orbit). It is the distance\\
+&between the foci divided by the length of the semi-major axis'' \citep{ubxGPSDict}\\\midrule
+TOA&Time of applicability, reference time for orbit and clock parameters (seconds). ``The number of\\
+&seconds in the orbit when the almanac data were generated'' \citep{ubxGPSDict}\\\midrule
+OI&Orbital inclination (radians). The angle to which the SV orbit meets the equator \citep{ubxGPSDict}\\\midrule
+RORA&Rate or right ascension (radians/second). ``Rate of change of the angle of right ascension as\\
+&defined in the Right Ascension mnemonic'' \citep{ubxGPSDict}\\\midrule
+$A^{1/2}$& Square root of semi-major axis (meters$^{1/2}$). `` This is defined as the measurement from the center\\
+&of the orbit to either the point of apogee or the point of perigee'' \citep{ubxGPSDict}\\\midrule
+$\Omega_0$& Right Ascension at Week (radians). Longitude of ascending node of orbit plane at weekly epoch\\\midrule
+$\omega$&Argument of perigee (semicircles). ``An angular measurement along the orbital path measured from\\
+&the ascending node to the point of perigee, measured in the direction of the SV's motion'' \citep{ubxGPSDict}\\\midrule
+$M_0$&Mean anomaly (radians)\\\midrule
+$a_{f0}$&Satellite clock bias (seconds). Satellite clock error at reference time\\\midrule
+$a_{f1}$&Satellite clock drift (seconds per second). Satellite clock error rate\\\midrule
+Week&Week number since the last reset (i.e. since year 1980 modulo 1024 weeks)
\\\bottomrule
\end {tabular}
\end {table}
-\begin {table}[h]
-\caption{GPS Ionosphere Model content. Table courtesy of \citep{harper2010server-side}.}
-\label{tbl:ionoModel}\centering
-%\rowcolor{2}{light-gray}{}
+\begin{table}[hc]
\scriptsize\fontfamily{iwona}\selectfont
-\begin{tabular}{llllc}
+\begin{minipage}[b]{.49\textwidth}
+ \centering
+ \begin{tabular}{ll}
\toprule
%$D$&&$P_u$&$\sigma_N$\\
\textbf{Field (IE)} & \textbf{Description}\\\toprule
@@ -538,11 +450,35 @@ $\beta_{2}$&Coefficient 2 of period of the model\\\midrule
$\beta_{3}$&Coefficient 3 of period of the model
\\\bottomrule
\end {tabular}
-\end {table}
+ \caption{GPS Ionosphere Model.}
+ \label{tbl:ionoModel}
+\end{minipage}
+\begin{minipage}[b]{.43\textwidth}
+ \centering
+\begin{tabular}{ll}
+\toprule
+%$D$&&$P_u$&$\sigma_N$\\
+\textbf{Field (IE)} & \textbf{Description}\\\toprule
+$A_{1}$&Drift coefficient of GPS time scale relative\\
+&to UTC time scale\\\midrule
+$A_{0}$&Bias coefficient of GPS time scale relative\\
+&to UTC time scale\\\midrule
+$t_{ot}$&Time data reference time of week\\\midrule
+$\Delta t_{LS}$&Current or past leap second count\\\midrule
+$WN_{0}$&Time data reference week number\\\midrule
+$WN_{LSF}$&Leap second reference week number\\\midrule
+$DN$&Leap second reference day number\\\midrule
+$\Delta t_{LSF}$&Current of future leap second count
+\\\bottomrule
+\end {tabular}
+ \caption{GPS UTC Model.}
+ \label{tbl:utcModel}
+\end{minipage}
+\end{table}
\newpage
\begin {table}[ht!]
-\caption{Navigation message (ephemeris) content. Table courtesy of \citep{harper2010server-side}.}
+\caption{Navigation message (ephemeris). Table courtesy of \citep{harper2010server-side}.}
\label{tbl:navMessage}\centering
%\rowcolor{2}{light-gray}{}
\scriptsize\fontfamily{iwona}\selectfont
@@ -590,39 +526,6 @@ Idot&Rate of inclination angle (semicircles/second)
\end {tabular}
\end {table}
\newpage
-\begin {table}[ht!]
-\caption{Almanac message content. Table courtesy of \citep{harper2010server-side}.}
-\label{tbl:almanacMessage}\centering
-%\rowcolor{2}{light-gray}{}
-\scriptsize\fontfamily{iwona}\selectfont
-\begin{tabular}{lll}
-\toprule
-%$D$&&$P_u$&$\sigma_N$\\
-\textbf{Field (IE)}& \textbf{Description}\\\toprule
-SatelliteID&This is the satellite ID that is in the range of 0 to 63. PRN=SatelliteID + 1\\\midrule
-SV Health&Satellite health (e.q. 000 means the satellite is fully operational)\\\midrule
-$e$&``Eccentricity shows the amount of the orbit deviation from circular (orbit).\\
-&It is the distance between the foci divided by the length of the semi-major axis'' \citep{ubxGPSDict}\\\midrule
-TOA&Time of applicability, reference time for orbit and clock parameters (seconds).\\
-&``The number of seconds in the orbit when the almanac data were generated'' \citep{ubxGPSDict}\\\midrule
-OI&Orbital inclination (radians). The angle to which the SV orbit meets\\
-&the equator \citep{ubxGPSDict}\\\midrule
-RORA&Rate or right ascension (radians/second). ``Rate of change of the angle of right ascension\\
-&as defined in the Right Ascension mnemonic'' \citep{ubxGPSDict}\\\midrule
-$A^{1/2}$& Square root of semi-major axis (meters$^{1/2}$). `` This is defined as the measurement\\
-&from the center of the orbit to either the point of apogee or the point of perigee'' \citep{ubxGPSDict}\\\midrule
-$\Omega_0$& Right Ascension at Week (radians). Longitude of ascending node of orbit plane at\\
-&weekly epoch\\\midrule
-$\omega$&Argument of perigee (semicircles). ``An angular measurement along the orbital path\\
-&measured from the ascending node to the point of perigee, measured in the direction of\\
-&the SV's motion'' \citep{ubxGPSDict}\\\midrule
-$M_0$&Mean anomaly (radians)\\\midrule
-$a_{f0}$&Satellite clock bias (seconds). Satellite clock error at reference time\\\midrule
-$a_{f1}$&Satellite clock drift (seconds per second). Satellite clock error rate\\\midrule
-Week&Week number since the last reset (i.e. since year 1980 modulo 1024 weeks)
-\\\bottomrule
-\end {tabular}
-\end {table}
diff --git a/vorlagen/thesis/src/kapitel_x.tex b/vorlagen/thesis/src/kapitel_x.tex
index 445f26e..e2475c6 100644
--- a/vorlagen/thesis/src/kapitel_x.tex
+++ b/vorlagen/thesis/src/kapitel_x.tex
@@ -143,7 +143,8 @@ another frequency} from one BTS to another during an active connection when the
strength is higher than on the currently-connected BTS. This signal reception strength is known as Received signal strength (RSS).
RSS are measurement reports transmitted from the cell phone to the BTS.
RSS is used to determine if the handover process should be triggered or not \citep{Richard2011Master}.
-BSC is connected to the Transcoding Rate and Adaptation Unit (TRAU). This builds the Base Station Subsystem (BSS), as it can
+BSC is connected to the Transcoding Rate, Adaptation Unit (TRAU) and Serving Mobile Location Center (SMLC).
+The SMLC node contains the functionality to support location services for the GSM network \citep{3GPPTS03.71}. This builds the Base Station Subsystem (BSS), as it can
be seen in figure \ref{img:GSMBig}, on left side inside of the gray dashed line rectangle. Inside of the BSS, TRAU
is responsibe for compressing and decompressing speech between the cell phone and a speech signal from the other side,
from 64 kbps to 16 or 8 kbps depending if it is a full or half rate channel.
@@ -185,7 +186,7 @@ the networks are employed. The reason why different frequencies are used is beca
wireless systems and used telecommunication standards. Particularly in Germany, the Federal Network Agency (German: $Bundesnetzagentur$) is the
responsible organisation for assigning different frequencies to GSM operators since these frequencies belong
to the group of licensed frequencies and are not allowed to be used by everyone. In Germany the used frequency bands
-are EGSM900 and GSM1800, their frequency ranges can be seen in table \ref{tbl:GSMfreqs} \citep{konrad}.
+are GSM900 and GSM1800, their frequency ranges can be seen in table \ref{tbl:GSMfreqs} \citep{konrad}.
These frequency bands are divided into 200 KHz channels,
for a frequency band range of 35 MHz there are 175 operating
channels. This technique is called Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and
@@ -201,7 +202,7 @@ It is important to distinguish uplink and downlink frequencies.
Uplink frequency is used when the cell phone transmits data
to the network operator, whereas downlink from the network operator to the cell phone. GSM is a full duplex communication
system, at the same time the cell phone or the network operator can send and receive data.
-Although the equivalent ARFCN number is used for uplink and downlink, the frequencies are shifted 45 MHz in EGSM900/GSM900 and
+Although the equivalent ARFCN number is used for uplink and downlink channels, the frequencies are shifted 45 MHz in GSM900 and
95 MHz in GSM1800 as it can be seen in figure \ref{img:GSMFreqRangChannel} for GSM900.
\begin {table}[ht]
\caption{GSM operating frequencies in Germany}
@@ -235,10 +236,7 @@ full rate\footnote{Human speech has a frequency bandwidth between 0 and 4000 Hz
Human voice is by its nature analog and requires to be converted into a digital stream of ones and zeros.
By Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem the sampling frequency must be at least two times greater
than the sampled frequency and with an 8 bit Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) this defines the
-64 kbps required to transfer voice ($2\cdot4000 Hz\cdot8 = 64000$).}. Since new wireless services are
-data oriented and the networks become packet networks this type of modulating data had to be changed,
-3G and 4G networks use different frequency ranges and technique to modulate and demodulate data.
-
+64 kbps required to transfer voice ($2\cdot4000 Hz\cdot8 = 64000$).}.
\newpage
The idea of employing TDMA on FDMA in the GSM900 band can be seen in figure \ref{img:GSMFreqTime}.
Each time slot duration is $\approx$577 $\mu s$, all 8 time slots have a period of $\approx$ 4.615 $ms$
@@ -389,7 +387,7 @@ distinguished from other BTS's.
\begin{figure}[ht!]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.70]{img/CellID.pdf}
- \caption{Cell-ID position estimation technique where a mobile user can be connected to only one BTS.}
+ \caption{Cell-ID position estimation technique.}
\label{img:cellid}
\end{figure}
@@ -1372,9 +1370,7 @@ position estimation from the derived data in the previous stage.
\section{RRLP Request}
RRLP represents the connection/protocol between the Serving Mobile Location Center (SMLC)
and the standalone handset, in this case the MS \citep[Chapter 5]{harper2010server-side}.
-The SMLC node contains the functionality to support
-location services for the GSM network \citep{3GPPTS03.71}. SMLC is located on the Base
-Station Controller (BSC) \citep{3GPPTS03.71}. SMLC' primary function is to manage
+SMLC is located on the BSC \citep{3GPPTS03.71}. SMLC' primary function is to manage
the overall coordination and scheduling of resources required to perform the localization of the MS.
SMLC controls the LMU's as well but since in this work no LMU were available this part
can be skipped as well as the description of E-OTD and UL-TDOA localization. Before an attempt is made, of requesting the SMLC to initialize an RRLP request, an SDCCH connection
@@ -2137,8 +2133,8 @@ FixType ::= INTEGER {
\chapter{Implementation}
\label{Implementation}
-The aim of this chapter is to give the reader a review of the employed hardware
-and the implemented software. The main idea of author's approach to the problem is
+The aim of this chapter is to give the reader a review of the employed hardware,
+testbed setup and the implemented software. The main idea of author's approach to the problem is
discussed in this chapter. The implementation can be divided into two stages.
The first stage being the inital phase of the thesis where the initial system has
been set up to perform RRLP tests. The second stage can be divided into two
@@ -2220,7 +2216,7 @@ PSU and nanoBTS should not be longer than 100 m \citep{installnanoBTS}.
\caption{Cable connections, showing interconnection diagram}
\label{img:connectionDiagram}
\end{figure}
-
+\newpage
\section{Initial phase of RRLP testbed setup}
Traditionally all radio communication systems are hard wired and
the hardware is developed to do only one fixed function as the
@@ -2341,8 +2337,9 @@ verification of their correctness, construction of RRLP packets according to
the ASN.1 standard, conversion of it to PER and at last saving in the
hexadecimal form in a text file.
+\newpage
In the almanac
-and ephemeris files, downloaded from NASA and Trimble, assistance data were stored
+and ephemeris files, downloaded from Navigation Center of the US Coast Guard and Trimble, assistance data were stored
for 32 different GPS satellites. Contrary to expectations after the generated
RRLP packets have been analysed, Heimerl's code produced RRLP assistance
data packets with only valid data for one satellite but duplicated 32 times.
@@ -2528,21 +2525,16 @@ table \ref{tbl:smartphones}.
\label{tbl:smartphones}\centering
%\rowcolor{2}{light-gray}{}
\scriptsize\fontfamily{iwona}\selectfont
-\begin{tabular}{ll}
+\begin{tabular}{llll}
\toprule
%$D$&&$P_u$&$\sigma_N$\\
-\textbf{Cell phone} & \textbf{Manufacturer \& Country}\\\toprule
-$Defy$&Motorola, USA\\\midrule
-$iPhone$ $4$&Apple, USA\\\midrule
-$iPhone$ $3GS$&Apple, USA\\\midrule
-$G1$&Google, USA\\\midrule
-$Galaxy$ $S2$&Samsung, South Korea\\\midrule
-$Galaxy$ $S3$&Samsung, South Korea\\\midrule
-$Galaxy$ $Nexus$ $i9250$&Samsung, South Korea\\\midrule
-$E71$&Nokia, Finland\\\midrule
-$N95$&Nokia, Finland\\\midrule
-$Desire$ $S$&HTC, Taiwan\\\midrule
-$Blade$&ZTE, P.R. of China
+\textbf{Cell phone} & \textbf{Manufacturer \& Country}&\textbf{Cell phone} & \textbf{Manufacturer \& Country}\\\toprule
+$Defy$&Motorola, USA&$Galaxy$ $Nexus$ $i9250$&Samsung, South Korea\\\midrule
+$iPhone$ $4$&Apple, USA&$E71$&Nokia, Finland\\\midrule
+$iPhone$ $3GS$&Apple, USA&$N95$&Nokia, Finland\\\midrule
+$G1$&Google, USA&$Desire$ $S$&HTC, Taiwan\\\midrule
+$Galaxy$ $S2$&Samsung, South Korea&$Blade$&ZTE, P.R. of China\\\midrule
+$Galaxy$ $S3$&Samsung, South Korea
\\\bottomrule
\end {tabular}
\end {table}
@@ -2792,18 +2784,18 @@ predefined acquisition sensitivity even assistance data can not help.
Antenna polarization and the position of the cell phone matter as well.
Correctness of assistance data in almanac and ephemeris data can not be
-verified. The author had to rely and trust NASA and Trimble as sources
+verified. The author had to rely and trust the Navigation Center of the US Coast Guard and Trimble as sources
although errors were confirmed by different studies in \citep{Stanford-Ephem-Errors}
\citep{NASA-Ephem-Errors}. Errors can be confirmed by the author in
ephemeris data as well (URA values were out of range specified by the standard).
These errors were not continual but appeared occasionally and these errors
-were inside of the assistance data provided by NASA.
+were inside of the assistance data provided by Navigation Center of the US Coast Guard (NVCS).
\section{Future work}
\label{sec:futWork}
The system could be extended with a GPS device that delivers raw GPS data
-instead of using the data provided by NASA and Trimble. Obtained data by the GPS
-could be compared to the data provided by NASA or other GPS observation stations
+instead of using the data provided by NVCS and Trimble. Obtained data by the GPS
+could be compared to the data provided by NVCS or other GPS observation stations
and verified for errors. By having more redundant sources of same information,
mistakes in the output could be eliminated. More sources of redundant data could
indicate the correctness of assistance data.
@@ -2821,7 +2813,7 @@ movement of GSM users \citep{predictMovements}.
%Tests could be performed if it possible if it can be tricked out by the software Dennis mentioned (protect my privacy)!
-\chapter{Summary and discussion}
+\chapter{Summary and security issues}
%This thesis has investigated how difficult it is to integrate mobile assisted GPS localization in GSM
%Networks. The aim of this work was set out to implement the ``first'' working open source RRLP
%implementation in GSM networks, as well as to determine and evaluate the limits of this localization
diff --git a/vorlagen/thesis/src/maindoc.lof b/vorlagen/thesis/src/maindoc.lof
index ea0a550..a55a96b 100644
--- a/vorlagen/thesis/src/maindoc.lof
+++ b/vorlagen/thesis/src/maindoc.lof
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.3}{\ignorespaces Each frequency channel (ARFCN) is split into 8 time slots. With this approach more GSM users can be served at the ``same'' time. Image courtesy of \citep {0890064717}.\relax }}{10}{figure.caption.8}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.4}{\ignorespaces Hierarchy of the GSM frames. Image courtesy of \citep {0890064717}.\relax }}{11}{figure.caption.9}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.5}{\ignorespaces Initializing an SDCCH channel. Image courtesy of \citep {0470844574}.\relax }}{12}{figure.caption.12}
-\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.6}{\ignorespaces Cell-ID position estimation technique where a mobile user can be connected to only one BTS.\relax }}{14}{figure.caption.13}
+\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.6}{\ignorespaces Cell-ID position estimation technique.\relax }}{14}{figure.caption.13}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.7}{\ignorespaces Basic idea of the RSS estimation technique. One rectangle location is represented by two RSS measurements for two BTS, blue indicates BTS1 and red indicates BTS2.\relax }}{14}{figure.caption.14}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.8}{\ignorespaces Basic idea of the E-OTD positioning technique. Current time information is transmitted from 3 different BTS's at the same time. Then the MS observes the difference of time when the information arrive and using trilateration technique calculates the relative position of the MS.\relax }}{16}{figure.caption.15}
\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.9}{\ignorespaces Basic idea of the Angle-of-Arrival positioning technique. The angle of the reception signal on the BTS antenna is measured. By knowing at least two angles on two BTS's, it is possible to interpolate the intersection point where the MS is located.\relax }}{17}{figure.caption.16}
diff --git a/vorlagen/thesis/src/maindoc.tex b/vorlagen/thesis/src/maindoc.tex
index d2be790..ee5b39c 100644
--- a/vorlagen/thesis/src/maindoc.tex
+++ b/vorlagen/thesis/src/maindoc.tex
@@ -242,6 +242,9 @@ stepnumber=1, numbersep=5pt, numbers = none}
%% Literatur %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\selectbiblanguage{english}
+\bibliographystyle{abbrvnat}
+\bibliography{bib/literatur}
+
\cleardoublepage
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{List of tables}
\listoftables
@@ -254,9 +257,6 @@ stepnumber=1, numbersep=5pt, numbers = none}
%\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{List of listings}
%\lstlistoflistings
-\bibliographystyle{abbrvnat}
-\bibliography{bib/literatur}
-
\nocite{*}